AP World History Chapter 22 Flashcards

9814938838	decolonization	process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation.	0
9814938839	Indian National Congress	Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in the governance of India; became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain.	1
9814938840	Mahatma Gandhi	a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain	2
9814938841	Muslim League	a response to the Indian National Congress in India's struggle for independence from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan.	3
9814938842	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	leader of India's All-India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948).	4
9814938843	Abdul Ghaffar Khan	a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj.	5
9814938844	African National Congress	South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994.	6
9814938845	Nelson Mandela	South African nationalist (b. 1919) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison.	7
9814938846	Black Consciousness	South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country's African majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule.	8
9814938847	military government	the government established by a military commander in conquered territory to administer the military law declared by him under military authority applicable to all persons in the conquered territory and superseding any incompatible local law	9
9814938848	Mozambique's civil war	Policies of the newly introduced government irritated people; opposition arose and began a 15 year civil war starting in 1977. There are still conflicts occurring as of 2013 based around this war.	10
9814938849	globalization of democracy	Democratic globalization is a social movement towards an institutional system of global democracy that would give world citizens a say in world organizations.	11
9814938850	import substitution industrialization	a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production.	12
9814938851	export-led industrialization	a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage.	13
9814938852	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk	founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881—1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state.	14
9814938853	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini	Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.	15
9814938854	satyagraha	"truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action.	16
9814938855	soweto	Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid.	17