AP World History Chapter 22 Flashcards
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9814938838 | decolonization | process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation. | 0 | |
9814938839 | Indian National Congress | Organization established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a voice in the governance of India; became a major popular movement that won India's independence from Britain. | ![]() | 1 |
9814938840 | Mahatma Gandhi | a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain | ![]() | 2 |
9814938841 | Muslim League | a response to the Indian National Congress in India's struggle for independence from Britain; the League's leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan. | 3 | |
9814938842 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | leader of India's All-India Muslim League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876-1948). | ![]() | 4 |
9814938843 | Abdul Ghaffar Khan | a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj. | ![]() | 5 |
9814938844 | African National Congress | South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994. | 6 | |
9814938845 | Nelson Mandela | South African nationalist (b. 1919) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison. | ![]() | 7 |
9814938846 | Black Consciousness | South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity, and political awareness among the country's African majority and often resorted to violent protest against white minority rule. | 8 | |
9814938847 | military government | the government established by a military commander in conquered territory to administer the military law declared by him under military authority applicable to all persons in the conquered territory and superseding any incompatible local law | 9 | |
9814938848 | Mozambique's civil war | Policies of the newly introduced government irritated people; opposition arose and began a 15 year civil war starting in 1977. There are still conflicts occurring as of 2013 based around this war. | 10 | |
9814938849 | globalization of democracy | Democratic globalization is a social movement towards an institutional system of global democracy that would give world citizens a say in world organizations. | 11 | |
9814938850 | import substitution industrialization | a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. | 12 | |
9814938851 | export-led industrialization | a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. | 13 | |
9814938852 | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk | founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881—1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state. | ![]() | 14 |
9814938853 | Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989. | ![]() | 15 |
9814938854 | satyagraha | "truth force"; Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy, which advocated confrontational but nonviolent political action. | 16 | |
9814938855 | soweto | Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa, and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end apartheid. | 17 |