AP World History Purple Folder Flashcards

5083123544	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	0
5083123545	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	1
5083123546	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	2
5083123547	Athenian democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	3
5083123548	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
5083123549	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
5083123550	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
5083123551	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
5083123552	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). Powerful Indian state based in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India.	8
5083123553	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	9
5083123554	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	10
5083123555	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	11
5083123556	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	12
5083123557	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	13
5083123558	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	14
5083123559	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	15
5083123560	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	16
5083123561	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	17
5083123562	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	18
5083123563	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	19
5083123564	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	20
5083123565	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	21
5083123567	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	22
5083123568	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.	23
5083123569	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	24
5083123570	Atman	The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.	25
5083123572	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	26
5083123573	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	27
5083123574	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	28
5083123575	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	29
5083123576	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	30
5083123577	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	31
5083123579	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	32
5083123580	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	33
5083123581	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	34
5083123582	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	35
5083123584	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	36
5083123586	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	37
5083123587	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	38
5083123588	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	39
5083123589	Mahayana	"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.	40
5083123590	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	41
5083123591	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	42
5083123594	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	43
5083123597	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	44
5083123598	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	45
5083123599	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	46
5083123600	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	47
5083123601	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	48
5083123602	karma	In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn.	49
5083123611	Rock and pillar edicts	A series of edicts on rocks and pillars created by Ashoka that reminded Mauryans to live righteous lives according to Buddhist principles.	50
5083123613	Han Dynasty	(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalism.	51
5083123614	satrap	A governor of a province in ancient Persia	52
5083123616	Hellenism	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	53
5083123620	paganism	The profession of no religion	54
5083123621	legalism	A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.	55
5083123624	Great Wall of China	world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty,	56
5083123625	Great Royal Road	Highway constructed by Persians in 5th century BCE to facilitate rapid communication among the large empire	57
5083123628	Constantinople	City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire. A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul, Turkey	58