AP World History Chapter Nine Notecards Flashcards

7717337741	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. 9.253	0
7717338021	Medieval	Literally "middle age," a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. 9.253	1
7717339616	Byzantine Empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantium," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. 9.253	2
7717340391	Kievan Russia	State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. 9.254	3
7717341774	Schism	A formal split within a religious community. 9.254	4
7717342056	Manor	In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. 9.260	5
7717342296	Serf	In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. 9.260	6
7717342712	Fief	In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service. 9.262	7
7717343156	Vassal	In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. 9.262	8
7717343504	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. 9.263	9
7717343926	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. 9.266	10
7717344350	Investiture Controversy	Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. 9.266	11
7717346479	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. 9.267	12
7717346654	Horse Collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. 9.272	13
7717346879	Crusades	(1095-1204) Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. 9.274	14
7717347406	Pilgrimage	Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings. 9.275	15