AP World History: Chapter 12 Flashcards

5503128804	Indians	misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans.	0
5503128805	Toltec culture	succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strong militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.	1
5503128806	Topiltzin	"religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula."	2
5503128807	Quetzalcoatl	Toltec deity; feathered serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god.	3
5503128808	Tenochtitlan	founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power.	4
5503128809	Tlaloc	major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain.	5
5503128810	Huitcilopochtli	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god.	6
5503128811	Nezhualcoyotl	leading Aztec king of the 15th century.	7
5503128812	chinampas	"beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs."	8
5503128813	pochteca	merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long distance trade in luxury items.	9
5503128814	calpulli	clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.	10
5503128815	Pachacuti	Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation of an Inca empire.	11
5503128816	ayllus	"households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from a common, sometimes mythical ancestor."	12
5503128817	Twantinsuyu	Inca word for their empire; region from Colombia to Chile and eastwardinto Bolivia and Argentina.	13
5503128818	split inheritance	"Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy."	14
5503128820	tambos	way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages.	15
5503128821	mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	16
5503128822	Inca socialism	an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.	17
5503128823	yanas	"a class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility."	18
5503128824	quipu	system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records.	19