Human Geography: Geography Flashcards

8251149906	space	geometric surface of the Earth	0
8251149907	place	an area of bounded space of some human importance	1
8251149908	region	a type of place	2
8251149909	toponym	a place name	3
8251149910	sequent occupancy	the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history	4
8251149911	place-specific culture	ex. Sante Fe, Mexico, a complex mix of multiple Native American, Spanish colonial, and modern American influences based upon the sequence of past and current societal influences	5
8251149912	scale	relationship of an object or place to the earth as a whole	6
8251149913	map scale	describes the ratio of distance on a map and distance in the real world in absolute terms	7
8251149914	relative scale	(AKA the scale of analysis) which describes the level of aggregation	8
8251149915	level of aggregation	the level at which you group things together for examination	9
8251149916	formal region	an area of bounded space that possesses some homogenous characteristic or uniformity	10
8251149917	linguistic region	everyone speaks the same language, but can be very different culturally	11
8251149918	culture region boundaries	The American "Dixie" south, fuzzy borders	12
8251149919	political region boundaries	Boundary between countries, finite and well-defined	13
8251149920	Environmental region boundaries	transitional and measurable	14
8251149921	Ecotone	the environmental transition zone between two biomes	15
8251149922	functional region	areas that have a central place (or node) that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose, the influence of this point is strongest in the areas close to the center, and the strength of influence diminishes as distance increases from that point	16
8251149923	market area	a type of functional region, home pro sport team example, more coverage and media in the city, diminishes as you move away	17
8251149924	area of influence	outlet malls, shoppers travelling from longer distances but making a fewer number of trips	18
8251149925	intervening opportunity	the shoppers who are "just passing through", who see a very brief intervening opportunity to do some discount shopping	19
8251149926	vernacular region	based upon the perception or collective mental map of the region's residents	20
8251149927	absolute location	defines a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude	21
8251149928	relative location	refers to the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature, McLean and DC	22
8251149929	Equator	0 latitude	23
8251149930	North and South Poles	90 degrees latitude	24
8251149931	Prime Meridian	0 degrees longitude	25
8251149932	International Date Line (sort of)	180 degrees longitude	26
8251149933	site	the physical characteristics of a place, such as the fact that NYC is located on a large, deep water harbor, next to the Atlantic ocean	27
8251149934	situation	refers to the place's interrelatedness with other places, NYC and New England, port-of-call for Atlantic Circular Trade	28
8251149935	absolute distance	in terms of linear units	29
8251149936	relative distance	in terms of the degree of interaction between places or in units of time traveled	30
8251149937	distance decay	means that the further away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place	31
8251149938	Tobler's Law	a principle that expresses relative distance, states that all places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than further ones	32
8251149939	friction of distance	the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance	33
8251149940	space-time compression	decresed time and relative distance between places	34
8251149941	modes of transportation	airplanes, reduce travel time between two distant points, and as a result increase interaction	35
8251149942	central places	any node of human activity	36
8251149943	Central Place Theory	developed in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller, saw the economic world as an abstract spatial model, in which city location and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped each other at different scales	37
8251149944	core and periphery	Mormon culture in Salt Lake City and the greater Western US	38
8251149945	cluster	when things are grouped together	39
8251149946	agglomeration	when clustering occurs purposefully around a central point or an economic growth pole	40
8251149947	random pattern	when there is no rhyme or reason to the distribution of a spatial phenomenon	41
8251149948	scaterred	objects that are normally ordered but appeared dispersed	42
8251149949	linear	if the pattern is a straight line	43
8251149950	sinuous	if the pattern is wavy	44
8251149951	metes and bounds		45
8251149952	township and range	based upon lines of latitude and longitude	46
8251149953	arithmetic density	the number of things per square unit of distance	47
8251149954	agricultural density	refers to the number of people per square unit of land actively under cultivation	48
8251149955	physiologic density	measures the number of people per square unit of arable (being farmed or could be farmed) land	49
8251149956	Expansion diffusion	the pattern originates in a central place and then expands outward in all directions to other locations	50
8251149957	hierarchical diffusion	the pattern originates in a first order location then moves down to second-order locations and from each of these to subordinate locations at increasingly local scales	51
8251149958	relocation diffusion	the pattern begins at a point of origin and then crosses a significant physical barrier, such as an ocean, mountain range, or desert, then relocates on the other side, often the journey can influence and modify the items being diffused	52
8251149959	contagious	the pattern begins at a point of origin and then moves outward to nearby locations, especially those on adjoining transportation lines, this could be used to describe a disease but can also describe the movement of other things, such as news in rural regions	53
8251149960	stimulus diffusion	here a general and underlying principle diffuses and then stimulates the creation of new products or ideas	54
8251149961	topographic map	shows the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban and vegetation surface with road, building, river, and other natural landscape features. These maps are highly accurate in terms of location and topography. They are used for engineering surveys and land navigation, especially in wilderness regions	55
8251149962	thematic map	a number of different map types: chloropleth maps, isoline maps, dot density maps, flow-line maps, cartograms	56
8251149963	chloropleth maps	express the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations	57
8251149964	isoline maps		58
8251149965	dot-density maps		59
8251149966	flow-line maps		60
8251149967	cartograms		61
8251149968	equal-area projections	attempt to maintain the relative spatial science and the areas on the map, however these can distort the actual shape of polygons, such as the Lambert projections bending and squishing the northern Canadian islands to keep them at the same map scale as southern Canada on a flat sheet of paper	62
8251149969	conformal projections	attempt to maintain the shape of polygons on the map, the downside is that conformal projections can distort the relative area from one part of the map to the other, for instance, in the commonly used Mercator projection, the shape of Greenland is preserved, but it appears to be much larger in size than it actually is	63
8251149970	Robinson projection and Goode's homolosine projection	map projections that try to balance area and form, sacrificing a bit of both to create a more visually practical representation on the earth's surface	64
8251149971	model	an abstract generalization of real-world geographies that share a common pattern	65
8251149972	spatial models	attempt to show the commonalities in pattern among similar landscpaes	66
8251149973	urban models	try to show how different cities have similar spatial relationships and economic or social structures	67
8251149974	non-spatial models	the demographic transition model, for instance, uses population data to construct a general model of the dynamic growth in national scale populations without reference to space	68
8251149975	concentric zone model	cost-to-distance relationship in urban real estate prices, the resulting bid-rent curve explains why land prices are relatively low in suburban areas, but exponentially higher in the central business distrcit	69
8251149976	gravity model	a mathematical model that is used in a number of different types of spatial analysis, used to calculate transportation flow between two points, determine the area of influence of a city's businesses, and estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place: Equation - (Location1Population x Location2Population)/Distance^2	70
8251149977	GIS	Geographical Information Systems, incorporate one r more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping, data layers are numerical, coded, and textual data that is attributed to specific geographic coordinates or areas	71
8251149978	GPS	Global Positioning Systems, utilize a network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal, when this signal is available from three or more Navstar satellites, a GPS receiver is able to triangulate a coordinate location and display map data for the user	72
8251149979	Aerial photography and Satellite based remote sensing	make up a large-amount of the geographic and GIS data used today, aerial photographs are images of the earth from aircraft, printed on film, while remote sensing satellites use a computerized scanner to record data from the earth's surface, these data include not only visual light waverlengths, but also infrared and radar information	73