AP World History Test #2 Notes Flashcards

5328903438	Qu'ran	the word of God as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	0
5329012648	Mohammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	1
5329023764	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	2
5329036695	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Mohammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Mohammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	3
5329057749	Umayyad Caliphate	the successor to Mohammad as the leader of the Islamic community in the Umayyad empire	4
5329147040	Abbasid Caliphate	the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Mohammad	5
5329184563	Byzantine Empire	(330AD-1453AD) emerged in the eastern part of Rome after Rome's fall; took in some of Rome's heritage, the Byzantine state developed its own form of civilization; fell to outside invaders	6
5329501437	Justinian	6th-century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constantinople; codified Roman law	7
5329517847	Hagia Sophia	great domed church constructed during reign of Justinian	8
5329524908	Kievan Rus	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century	9
5329607472	Crusades	invasions of Western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	10
5329934433	Feudalism	personal relationships during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	11
5330001734	Cultural Diffusion	the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a culture pattern from a central point	12
5330010757	The Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	13
5330018167	Baghdad	Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon	14
5330062536	Silk Roads	important trade route between China and the Mediterranean	15
5330108145	Indian Ocean Trade	opened up when Bantu tribes migrated to the East coast of Africa, interacting with Arab traders, causing Swahili city-states to form which formed Indian Ocean Trade	16
5330185657	Aztec	the Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that penetrated into the sedentary zone of the Mesoamerican plateau after the fall of the Toltecs; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco	17
5330209040	Incan Empire (Inca)	group of clans (ayllu) centered at Cuzco; created an empire in the Andes during the 15th century; also title of the ruler	18
5330228226	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	19
5330273306	Bantu	a general label for African peoples from 300-600 who spoke Bantu languages	20
5330317275	Tang Dynasty	expanded empire; large bureaucracy with civil service exams and they added to the great wall (618-907)	21
5332738268	Song Dynasty	smaller than Tang; politically weak but wealthy; payed tribute to North and West tribes for loyalty; Southern Song first, Northern Song second	22
5332776071	Foot Binding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to household	23
5332808724	Taika Reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	24
5332834664	Heian Period	Japanese city later called Kyoto; built to escape influence of Buddhist monks	25
5332862798	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	26
5332988134	Genghis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	27
5333048066	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368); created by Kubilai Khan; social structure put Mongols at the top; their nomadic and Islamic allies were below them and below them were the Chinese from the North and below them were the ethnic Chinese of the South	28
5333129105	Marco Polo	a Venetian merchant traveler whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde, a book that introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China	29
5333281957	Il-khanate	one of the four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	30
5333299365	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries	31
5333315146	Sunnis	follower of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	32
5333319961	Shi'a	follower of Ali's interpretation of Islam	33
5333332524	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; committed Sunnis; ruled from the 11th century in the name of the Abbasids	34
5333360901	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongol rise to world power; died 1227	35
5333368350	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	36
5333392378	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	37
5333398708	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	38
5333415188	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century	39
5336000787	Toltecs	nomadic people from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Talu following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strong militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice	40
5336028163	Tenochtitlan	founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power	41
5336045483	Chinampas	beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands", system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs	42
5336062326	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	43
5336105749	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th centuries in western Europe featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	44
5336124496	Magna Carta	great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy; the supremacy of law	45
5336145139	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	46
5336161752	Tale of Genji	written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence of mannered style of Japanese society	47
5336193268	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Mohammad; one of the Orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	48
5336206868	Dhimmis	"the people of the book", Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	49