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AP World History Chapter 23 Flashcards

SAA Sophomore Year / Honors AP World History / The Transformation of Europe

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5018123016What were the movements in Western Europe that made it a period of dramatic changes?- Renaissance - Reformation - Scientific Revolution - Enlightenment0
5018123017Western Europe remained an agricultural society but became unusually --- active and developed a --- sector.Commercially; Manufacturing1
5018123018--- increased their power: greater interest in military, conquest, and exploration.Governments2
5018123019Ideas of the --- also altered due to new commercial and social structure that developed.Family/Personality3
5018123020Increasingly, Europeans believe they are --- to other peoples - will have a powerful effect on how they interact with others they encounter.Superior4
5018123021What were some characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?- Urban and secular society - Renewed interest in the classical world - Glorifying the individual and individual achievements - Impact small minority of the population (wealthy elites) directly; some "trickle down" effect to ordinary people5
5018123022What are the results of the Renaissance?- New attitude towards life: spirit of curiosity, creativity, and confidence - Great achievements in art, literature, and science - Challenges to religious authority and long held beliefs6
5018123023What was the main theme of the Renaissance?Humanism7
5018123024What is humanism?- "Man as the center and measure of all things" - Developed as a result of Italy's urban, commercial environment - Drew from classical past - Intellectual and artistic endeavors - What you as a human are capable of/can accomplish - Not anti-Christian - Inspires people to think creatively and be more secular8
5018123025Who was Petrarch?- Father of Humanism - Wrote sonnets in Italian (not Latin) that emphasized love and other human emotions9
5018123026Who was Lorenzo de Medici?- Rich banking family - unofficially ruled Florence - Wealthy patron of the arts - Like mafia - Ruthless and ambitious - Got people elected to office and controlled them10
5018123027Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?- Author of The Prince - How to acquire and how to keep power - Advanced ideas similar to Chinese legalists - The ends justify the means - Believes Italy needs to be united11
5018123028Who was Johann Gutenburg?- Inventor of moveable type - Allowed the mass production of books, the spread of literacy and the spread of ideas (Renaissance and Reformation ideas)12
5018123029Describe characteristics of Italian Renaissance art.- Reflected humanism - Both religious and secular subject matter - Inspired by the classical world - Realistic13
5018123030Describe how Italian Renaissance art was both religious and secular subject matter.- Religious art created for churches and financed by Pope - Secular art included portraits and nudes financed by wealthy patrons14
5018123031Describe how Italian Renaissance art was inspired by the classical world.- Nudes - never portrayed in the art of the Middle Ages but very popular in Greek and Roman art - Greek columns and Roman arches both used in Renaissance architecture15
5018123032Describe how Italian Renaissance art was realistic.- Studied movement and anatomy to depict human body more accurately - Used linear perspective: 3 dimensional - they had depth, did not look like a flat surface - Distant objects were painted smaller to make them appear farther away to the viewer16
5018123033Describe Leonardo da Vinci.- High Renaissance artist - Thought of art as a science - wanted to discover the mathematical formula for beauty and perfection - Architect, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, scientist, musician, military advisor - Last Supper, Mona Lisa17
5018123034Describe Michelangelo.- High Renaissance artist - Art inspired by Christian beliefs (very religious man) - Painted/sculpted Christian themes but combined these themes with the classical nude - Sculptor/painter/architect - Sculptural philosophy: figure inside every piece of stone and was his job to free it from its prison - La Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel18
5018123035What caused the Northern Renaissance and where was it focused?- Due to decline in creativity and independence of Italy - Focused in France, the Low Countries, Germany and England beginning after 150019
5018123036How was the Northern Renaissance different from the Italian Renaissance?- Feudalism still in existence although on the decline - More centralized power in form of kings - Northern Humanists more religious - Little change in terms of economic life and values of ordinary people20
5018123037Who was Jan van Eyck?- First to use oil paints - Realism through minute detail - Religion in everyday objects21
5018123038Describe the Protestant Reformation.- Starts as a reform movement but ends splitting the Christian church into Catholics and Protestants - Were problems in Catholic church but church doesn't want to reform so they split - Church selling indulgences; not meeting spiritual needs of people22
5018123039Describe Martin Luther.- 95 Theses (written in Latin) - Through faith alone you can achieve salvation - Bible, not Pope, is chief guide to religious truth - Priests allowed to get married, no monks/nuns/saints; reject a lot of the ceremony - Not only Bible but mass is in vernacular23
5018123040Why did some political leaders support Martin Luther?- Taking away power of the Pope - Gives more power to kings - Church land now belongs to king - Taxes to Pope are now done24
5018123041Why did some ordinary people support Martin Luther?- Couldn't afford buying indulgences or paying taxes - Saw Protestant Reformation as equalizing them25
5018123042Describe John Calvin.- Calvinism (AKA Puritans in England and New World) - Predestination: God already knows whether you are going to heaven/hell; can't change your fate - Stressed participation of all believers in church affairs - thus influenced attitudes toward government26
5018123043Describe Henry VIII of the Tudor family.- Anglican Church or Church of England - Wants to divorce his wife - Doesn't adopt Reformation ideas for religious reasons; mainly for personal/political reasons27
5018123044Who were the six wives of Henry VIII?- Catherine of Aragon - Anne Boleyn - Jane Seymour - Anne of Cleves - Kathryn Howard - Katherine Parr (in order: divorced, beheaded, and died, divorced, beheaded, survived)28
5018123045Briefly describe Catherine of Aragon.- Gave Henry one daughter Mary - He divorced her29
5018123046Briefly describe Anne Boleyn.- Gives him one daughter Elizabeth - Can't get divorced and accuses her of adultery - Beheaded30
5018123047Briefly describe Jane Seymour.- Gives him son Edward & Edward is sickly & eventually dies - Jane dies in childbirth31
5018123048Briefly describe Anne of Cleves.- German princess - Marries without meeting her - Thinks she's ugly and divorces her32
5018123049Briefly describe Kathryn Howard.- She is 19 he is 49 - She sleeps around - Beheaded33
5018123050Briefly describe Katherine Parr.- She survives! - Raises the 3 sons - Brings peace to the palace34
5018123051Describe the Catholic Reformation.- Response to Protestant Reformation - Aims: to strengthen Catholicism throughout the world and check the spread of Protestantism - Jesuits and St. Ignatius Loyola - Council of Trent35
5018123052Describe Jesuits and St. Ignatius Loyola- An order of priests founded by St. Ignatius - In response to Protestant Reformation - Take vow of poverty, chastity, obedience, loyalty (especially) to Pope - Instrumental in spreading Catholic faith - Known for education/being educators - Travel all over spreading Catholic faith - Create schools, colleges - Act as missionaries in distant lands36
5018123053What were the results of the Reformation?- Split in Christian Church and creation of many different Protestant sects - Persecution - Europe divided according to religion - Religious Wars37
5018123054Describe how there was persecution.- Both Catholics and Protestants were intolerant - Witch hunts38
5018123055Describe how Europe was divided according to religion.- Catholic: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Southern Germany, Ireland - Protestant: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway - Mixed: France39
5018123056Describe religious wars.- Internally within countries (France and England) - Between Catholic and Protestant countries (Spain and England) - Affected balance of power in Europe as well as political structures40
5018123057Religious wars were also --- wars and led to political, as well as religious, changes.Political41
5018123058Religious upheaval influenced the balance of --- in Europe.Power42
5018123059Describe the religious upheaval in France.- France has vocal, strong minority Protestant - Calvinists (Huguenots - Protestants in France) - Fighting Catholics - Protestant king wins but ends up converting to Catholicism - Edict of Nantes - declaration by Henry IV; France and he are Catholic but Protestants are allowed to worship freely; ends religious wars43
5018123060Describe the English Civil War.- Between 2 Protestant groups (Puritans and Anglicans) who each supported a diff side in a political power struggle (Parliament and King Charles I) - Ended with execution of King Charles I and rule under Oliver Cromwell44
5018123061Catholic countries tend to have a(n) --- monarchy.Absolute45
5018123062Protestant countries tend to have a --- monarchy.Limited46
5018123063Describe absolute monarchy.- Monarch has absolute power - No constraints because of the justification of divine right - France, Prussia, Austria, Spain47
5018123064Describe limited monarchy.- Monarch's power is restrained by Parliament or a similar institution that represents "the people" - Britain48
5018123065How are absolute and limited monarchies the same?- Both develop as a result of the growth of the idea of a nation-state - Bring together people who speak a common language and have a common culture and history - sense of loyalty to king and country although many within absolute monarchy rioted against it - Nation states still competitive and fighting49
5018123066Describe the Scientific Revolution.- Questioning attitude of Renaissance and Reformation led to a revolution in science - Questioning previously accepted ideas about nature, the world and the human body (both Church and ancient ideas) - Began to rely on the scientific method (observation and experimentation) to answer their questions - The West became the leading center for scientific advance, seeing science as the key to gaining knowlege50
5018123067Describe some leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.- Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory - Johann Kepler: proves Copernicus correct; elliptical orbit - Galileo: first telescope; proves Copernicus and Kepler are correct; publishes findings & is excommunicated - William Harvey: heart is what pumps blood - Rene Descartes: do not believe anything before proving it for yourself - Isaac Newton: laws of motion, gravity, calculus51
5018123068Describe the Enlightenment.- The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution - Intellectual/philosophical revolution centered in France - Coincided with the growth of centralized monarchies and argued against those - Thinkers continued scientific research and applied scientific methods to the study of human society - Produced basic set of principles: humans are naturally good, reason is the key to truth, intolerant/blind religion is wrong52
5018123069Who was Thomas Hobbes?- Wrote book Leviathan - Lived during English Civil War - Negative view of human nature - Not enlightened - State of Nature (no gov): perpetual state of war53
5018123070Who was John Locke?- Lived during Glorious Revolution - Agree to give up your power to gov but gov owes you protection - People can rebel if they feel gov has abused power54
5018123071Who was Montesquieu?- Giving power to one person is terrible and leads to abuse - Separation of powers; checks and balances55
5018123072Who was Rousseau?- French living during reign of Louis XIV - Wrote Social Contract - Government has to listen to people - General will56
5018123073Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?- A Vindication of the Rights of Women - The more a woman follows the rules the more oppressed she is57
5018123074Describe commercial revolution in Europe.- Fundamental redefinition of Western economic structure - Beginnings of mass consumerism: new goods available - New World gold and silver forced prices up and product demand surpassed availability = inflation - Stimulated creation of trading companies and manufacturing since borrowing was cheap when money was losing value - Led to population and urban growth which led to creation of new rural and urban poor; prosperity for all58
5018123075Describe cultural reorientation in Europe.- Result of changes, new ideas and commercial revolution - Challenge to aristocracy as investments - not property - signaled wealth - Rise of the proletariat due to new economy and technology = new social classes and social tensions, popular rebellions - Wave of witchcraft - Change in family structure59
5018123076Describe the rise of the nation-state in Europe.- Politically divided Europe - competitive - Different forms of gov but in all cases feeling that they are obligated to help their people60
5018123077Timeline of Europe and France61
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