AP Bio: Enzymes & Energy Flashcards

9612586944	Thermodynamics	the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter	0
9612586945	Spontaneous Process	one that proceeds on its own without an input of energy, processes that are spontaneous in one direction are non-spontaneous in the opposite direction	1
9612586946	Entropy	heat per temperature, A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S, as entropy increases, the system's disorder increases, a measure of how many microstates are associated with a particular microscopic state, entropy increases as the # of microstates increase	2
9612586947	Reversible Process	a system is changed in such a way that the system & surroundings can be restored to their original state by exactly reversing the change, produces the max amount of work that can be achieved by the system on the surroundings	3
9612586948	Irreversible Process	a process that can't simply be reversed to restore the system & its surroundings to their original states	4
9612586949	The Second Law of Thermodynamics	any spontaneous change is always accompanied by an overall increase in entropy, every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy	5
9612586950	As temperature increases, what does entropy do?	it increases Ssolid	6
9612586951	Gibbs Free Energy	predicts if a reaction occurring at constant temperature and pressure will be spontaneous, the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when the temperature & pressure are uniform throughout the system	7
9612586952	When Gibbs Free Energy is positive, negative, or zero, what does it mean about the reaction?	G<0, forward reaction is spontaneous G=0, reaction is at equilibrium G>0, forward reaction is non-spontaneous and reverse reaction is spontaneous	8
9612586953	What type of reaction is typically thermodynamically favored?	exergonic reactions because they don't require energy	9
9612586954	The First Law of Thermodynamics	the energy of the universe is constant, energy can be transferred & transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed	10
9612586955	Exergonic Reaction	proceeds with a net release of free energy, results in negative deltaG	11
9612586956	Endergonic Reaction	absorbs free energy from its surroundings, results in positive deltaG	12
9612586957	Catabolic Pathways	metabolic pathways released by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones, breakdown pathways o Cellular respiration	13
9612586958	Anabolic Pathway	consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, biosynthetic pathways	14
9612586959	Bioenergetics	the study of how energy flows through living organisms	15
9612586960	Energy	the capacity to cause change	16
9612586961	Kinetic Energy	the energy of motion	17
9612586962	Thermal Energy	kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules	18
9612586963	Heat	thermal energy in transfer from one object to another	19
9612586964	Potential Energy	energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure o Energy in chemical bonds due to the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms	20
9612586965	Chemical Energy	refers to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction	21
9612586966	Energy Coupling	the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one o ATP is typically responsible for this process	22
9612586967	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work, contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine & a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to it o Also used to make RNA o Hydrolysis of ATP: ATP+H2O-->ADP+Phosphate (releases 7.3 kcal/mol)	23
9612586968	Phosphorylated Intermediate	has a covalently bonded phosphate group that was received from phosphorylation, more reactive than the original unphosphorylated molecule	24
9612586969	Catalysts	molecules that speed up the rate of a reaction without themselves being used up or permanently altered, reduces the reaction's activation energy o Platinum causes CO to react with oxygen more readily to form carbon dioxide & to reduce air pollution	25
9612586970	Enzymes	macromolecules (mostly proteins) that are specific biological catalysts, lowers activation energy o Synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP o Function is determined by structure	26
9612586971	Active Site	a pocket that each enzyme has where catalysis occurs	27
9612586972	Substrates	reactant molecules	28
9612586973	Activation Energy	the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction	29
9612586974	Enzyme-Substrate Complex	the enzyme & the substrate	30
9612586975	Induced Fit	brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that cause the active site to fit more snugly around the substrate to enhance the ability to catalyze the chemical reaction	31
9612586976	Cofactors	nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity, may be bound tightly to the enzyme as permanent residents, or they may bind loosely & reversibly along with the substrate	32
9612586977	Coenzyme	a cofactor that is an organic molecule o vitamins	33
9612586978	Metabolism	the sum of all of the cell's chemical reactions	34
9612586979	Metabolic Pathways	sequences in which a starting reactant molecule is converted, with the help of an enzyme, into a slightly different molecule, which is modified by another enzyme into a different molecule and so on, a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a product o Photosynthesis o Glycolysis o Cells regulate their metabolic pathways by controlling the type, quantity & activity levels of the enzymes they produce	35
9612586980	Competitive Inhibition	a substance that is not the enzyme's normal substrate can also bind to the active site of the enzyme o A competitor inhibitor molecule usually has structural similarities to the usual substrate Citrate Drugs	36
9612586981	Noncompetitive Inhibition	a molecule binds to a site on the enzyme that is distinct from the active site	37
9612586982	Allosteric Regulation	can either activate or inhibit the enzyme Allosteric means "other shape"	38
9612586983	Allosteric Enzymes	enzymes that participate in metabolic pathways, enzymes that can switch easily & spontaneously between 2 different configurations • ADP activates allosteric enzymes under certain conditions	39
9612586984	Cooperativity	another kind of allosteric regulation where a substrate molecule binding to 1 active site in a multisubunit enzyme triggers a shape change in all the subunits, increasing catalytic activity at the other active sites	40
9612586985	Feedback Inhibition	causes a metabolic pathway to stop producing its end product when the product concentration reaches an optimal level	41
9612586986	Denatured	when an enzyme loses its exact 3-D structure required for it to function properly o pH changes o temperature changes	42