AP Bio test 1 Flashcards

7511206007	isomers	compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures	0
7511215345	structural isomers	differ in the covalent arrangements	1
7511221543	cis-trans isomers	differ in arrangement about a double bond	2
7511228420	enantiomers	differ in spacial arrangement around an assymetric carbon	3
7511243066	hydroxyl group	polar, forms bonds usually with water, ex. ethanol	4
7511257301	carbonyl group	ketone groups-ketoses, aldehydes-aldoses	5
7511272615	carboxyl group	covalent bond between O and H so polar can act as acid	6
7511281385	Amino group	acts as a base, can pick up a H+ from surrounding solutions	7
7511293750	sulfhydryl group		8
7511316727	phosphate group	contributes negative charge	9
7511324804	methyl group	affects expression of genes when on DNA or proteins bound to DNA, and shape or function of male or female sex hormones	10
7511344298	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	stores energy to react with water	11
7511354032	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers	12
7511364934	enzyme	specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers	13
7511380114	dehydration reaction	occurs when two monomers covalently bond together through the loss of a water molecule	14
7511389218	hydrolysis	disassembles polymers to monomers by adding a water molecule	15
7511400040	carbohydrate	includes sugars and the polymers of sugars	16
7511410561	monosaccharides	classified by: location of the carbonyl group, the number of carbons in the C skeleton. Serve as major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules	17
7511459542	Disaccharide	formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides	18
7511469317	glycosidic linkage	a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.	19
7511483525	polysaccharide	polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles	20
7511500107	starch	storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers	21
7511511338	plastids	stores surplus starch in plants	22
7511524734	glycogen	storage polysaccharide in animals	23
7511530004	cellulose	"insoluble fiber"	24
7511547357	chitin	polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of anthripods, cell support for the structure of fungi	25
7511563727	lipids	-not true polymers, -mix poorly with water, -consists of mostly hydrocarbon regions -fats, phospholipids, steroids	26
7511591757	fats	constructed from glycerol and fatty acids	27
7511622087	fatty acid	consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton	28
7511635649	glycerol	three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon	29
7511649652	saturated fatty acid	have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds, straight tail, solid at room tempurature	30
7511675946	unsaturated fatty acid	have one or more double bonds, bent tail, liquid at room tempurature	31
7511691019	major function of fats	energy storage	32
7511694605	phospholipids	two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol	33
7511758920	steroids	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisted of four fused rings, differ in chemical groups attached	34
7511775475	cholesterol	type of steroid, component of animal cell membranes, precursor from which other steroids are synthesised	35
7511797837	protein	biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides,	36
7511854507	polypeptides	unbranched polymers built from amino acids	37
7511875620	amino acids	monomers, organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups	38
7511894939	primary structure	sequence of amino acids of a protein, determined by inherited genetic information	39
7511958138	secondary structure	coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone	40
7511976519	tertiary structure	results from interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents, includes H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic bonds, Van der waal interactions	41
7512073008	quaternary	results when two or more polypeptide chains form one molecule	42
7512121809	denaturation	alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, can cause proteins to unravel	43
7512198750	DNA	2 polynucleotides, double helix, 5' -> 3' directions, antiparallel, adenine (A) and thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C)	44
7512243216	RNA	single strand, adenine (A) and uracil (U)	45
7512262318	polynucleotides	polymers of nucleotides	46
7512268007	pyrimidines	has a single six-membered ring, sytosine, thymine and uracil	47
7512280469	purines	have a six-membered ring fused to 5 ring, adenine and guanine	48
7512330222	phosphodiester linkage	consists of phosphate group that links sugars of 2 nucleotides	49