AP Bio Chapter 11 Flashcards

6788509998	local signaling	animal cells may communicate by direct contact or using secreted messenger molecules that travel short distances	0
6788515365	growth factors	stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide	1
6788530061	paracrine signaling	communication in which a cell produces signals to induce changes in nearby cells	2
6788533527	synaptic signaling	animals nervous system when a neurotransmitter is released in response to an electric signal	3
6788539489	hormones	chemicals used in long distance signaling	4
6788543862	endocrine signaling	hormone signaling, travel in the circulatory system to target cells	5
6788553515	reception	target cell detects signalling molecule that binds to a receptor protein on cell surface	6
6788557155	transduction	binding of signaling molecules alters receptor and initiates a signal transduction pathway (series of steps)	7
6788559621	response	transduced signal triggers a specific response in the target cell	8
6788568577	ligand	signaling molecule	9
6788576857	G protein-coupled receptors	cell surface transmembrane receptors that work with help of G proteins	10
6788584640	receptor tyrosine kinases	membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines, can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once	11
6788605663	ligand-gated ion channel	acts as a gate when receptor changes shape, allows specific ions through channel in receptor	12
6788615949	intracellular receptors	found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell, small or hydrophobic chemical messengers can cross membranes	13
6789528160	signal transduction	multiple steps, amplifies signal, like dominoes	14
6789533146	phosphorylation and dephosphorylation	cellular mechanism for regulating protein activity	15
6789541216	protein kinases	transfer phosphates from ATP to protein (phosphorylation)	16
6789543894	protein phophateses	rapidly remove phosphates from proteins, dephosphorylation	17
6789551698	second messenger	small, non-protein, water soluble molecules and ions, spread throughout the cell by diffusion	18
6789555923	cyclic AMP and calcium ions	common second messengers, cAMP activates protein kinase A	19
6789564382	adenylyl cyclase	enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal	20
6789575776	output response	cells response to an extracellular signal	21
6789582749	scaffolding protein	large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached, can increase efficiency	22
6789587537	apoptosis	programmed cell death, cell components are chopped up and packaged into vesicles, prevents enzymes from leaking	23