AP Psychology- Thinking and Language Flashcards

7938707859	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
7938707860	concepts	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
7938707861	prototypes	a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototype bird, such as a robin)	2
7938709473	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a praticular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error prone- use of heuristics	3
7938712627	heuristics	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problem efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms	4
7938712628	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
7938712629	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	6
7938713685	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving	7
7938713724	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past	8
7938715134	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	9
7938716180	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or math, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information	10
7938716181	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	11
7938718716	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments	12
7938718717	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	13
7938718718	belief bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid	14
7938719804	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	15
7938722558	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	16
7938722559	phoneme	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	17
7938722560	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	18
7938722561	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	19
7938724190	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning	20
7938724191	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	21
7938724192	babbling stage	beginnings at about four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to household language	22
7938725205	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	23
7938725206	two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	24
7938725263	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words	25
7938726999	linguistic determinism	different languages impose different conceptions of reality	26