AP Human Geography - Language Flashcards

5133792870	Accent	a distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class	0
5133792871	Anatolian Hypothesis	Proposes that the dispersal of Proto-Indo-Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia. The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo-European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution of the seventh and sixth millennia BC. An alternative (and academically more favored view) is the Kurgan hypothesis	1
5133792872	Kurgan Hypothesis	most widely accepted proposal of several solutions to explain the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages.[note 1] It postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The term is derived from kurgan (курган), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound.	2
5133792873	Nostratic Hypothesis	hypothesized ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, as well as other ancestral language families	3
5133792874	Creole	a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue of a region and/or people	4
5133792875	Dialect	local or regional characteristics of a language. More than just a different accent, dialects have distinctive grammar and vocabulary	5
5133792876	Extinct Language	A language that is going extinct	6
5133792877	Ideogram	pictures that symbolize ideas	7
5133792878	Indo-European	a large, widespread family of languages, the surviving branches of which include Italic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Celtic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian, spoken by about half the world's population: English, Spanish, German, Latin, Greek, Russian, Albanian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Persian, Hindi, and Hittite	8
5133792879	Isogloss	geographical boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	9
5133792880	Isolated Language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	10
5133792881	Language	a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols	11
5133792882	Language Branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language familes	12
5133792883	Language Family	group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan,...)	13
5133792884	Language Group	set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics (e.g., Germanic, Romance, Slavic, ...)	14
5133792885	Lingua Franca	a common language used by speakers of different languages	15
5133792886	Literary Tradition	Language that is written down	16
5133792887	Mono-lingual	Only one language is spoken	17
5133792888	Bi-lingual	2 languages are spoken	18
5133792889	Multi-lingual	3+ languages are spoken	19
5133792890	National Language	-language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. -national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country.	20
5133792891	Official Language	a governmentally designated language of instruction and other official public and private communication	21
5133792892	Orthography	the conventional spelling system of a language	22
5133792893	Pidgin	when parts of two or more languages are combined in simplified structure and vocabulary	23
5133792894	Polyglot	a person who speaks more than one language	24
5133792895	Slang	a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people	25
5133792896	Standard Language	a language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue	26
5133792897	Syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	27
5133792898	Toponym	the study of place names. (e.g., San Diego or San Francisco indicate they were established by Spain due to their Spanish and Catholic connotations)	28
5133792899	Trade Language	common languages used by merchants who did not speak a common tongue	29
5133792900	Vernacular	Everyday language of a specific nation	30
5133792901	Vocabulary	the body of words used in a particular language	31
5133792902	Explain how Language Families, Branches, and Groups are classified and related	Language Families-group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin (e.g., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan,...) Language Branches-A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language familes Language groups-set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics (e.g., Germanic, Romance, Slavic, ...) Similarities- LANGUAGE, origin	32
5133792903	Map the Distribution of Major Families Worldwide		33
5133792904	Show the following language groups and give specific examples from each Germanic Slavic Romance		34
5133792905	Describe the following characteristics of English: Origin and Historical Developement Worldwide Diffusion Spatial Variation Cultural and Economic Roles		35
5133792906	Explain the significance of an official languages, national languages, lingua francas		36
5133792907	Describe how languages become extinct and efforts use to preserve them	How they become extinct: - Language Shift (group of people begin to speak another language) - Globalization How to Preserve: - Isolation - Education/Literary Tradition - Cultural/Language Preservation Groups/Societies	37
5133796411	Protolanguage	an assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language	38
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