AP Language and Composition Terms. Flashcards

4742003055	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables. Ex: Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.	0
4742004571	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event. Ex: Ellen acted she's the Helen of Troy.	1
4742004988	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Ex: Life is like a box of chocolate	2
4742006241	Anaphora	Repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses. Ex: I want money right now, right here, all right?	3
4742009825	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event Ex:	4
4742029025	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text. Ex: Student taking notes on examples from	5
4742029389	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers. Ex: John plays the guitar in the park. Everyone goes there to listen.	6
4742030467	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast Ex: "Eat to live, not live to eat,"-Socrates	7
4742176005	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas Ex: You are easy on the eye but hard on the heart.	8
4752619077	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth Ex: "Youth is blunder, manhood a struggle, old age regret"- Benjamin Disraeli	9
4752680165	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun. Ex: The insect, a cockroach, crawls around the kitchen.	10
4752681711	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language. Ex: hath, thy, thee, etc.	11
4752686053	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence. Ex:Milk is beneficial to children. It gives them vitamins that helps there bone.	12
4752686054	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).	13
4752687276	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument. Ex: I understand you're busy, and me too but it is difficult to finish this project on my own. So I want you to help me completing this project.	14
4752687872	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof Ex: The earth is flat.	15
4752689428	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses. Ex: "without looking, without making a sound, without talking"(Oedipus at Colonus by Sophocles)	16
4752690321	Attitude-	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone	17
4752690322	Audience	One's listener or readership	18
4752740980	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	19
4752740981	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue Ex: If a person loves sports they tend to be more biased on what they sports they play.	20
4752742640	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
4752746975	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence	22
4752747958	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language,sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text	23
4752749264	Colloquial/ism	An informal or conversational use of language.	24
4752749773	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions.	25
4752750355	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Ex: I burned the dinner but not the cake.	26
4752750866	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	27
4752752058	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning. Ex: Home means to feel safe, comfort, and family	28
4752752622	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning. Ex: He met an obstruction on the way. The rocks and boulder blocked his path.	29
4752812827	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	30
4752813280	Counterargument	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument. Cumulative sentence An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	31
4753550056	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	32
4752814783	Declarative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	33
4752815874	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	34
4752817964	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition. Ex: Home is a place where you can stay	35
4752822658	Diction	Word choice.	36
4752834324	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	37
4752835865	Elegiac	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	38
4752836339	Epigram	A brief witty statement. Ex: "Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind."(John F. Kennedy)	39
4752837357	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos). Ex: Using professional athletes to endorse a product.	40
4752838636	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect Ex: Metaphors, simile, hyperbole, etc.	41
4752841100	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning. Ex: Silly sells shells.	42
4752842291	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis. Ex: Your house looks like a tornado went over it.	43
4752844289	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste,touch, hearing). Ex: The small loaf of banana bread tasted sweet and smelled great.	44
4752844808	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands. Ex: You must run now.	45
4752845375	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general.	46
4752850158	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	47
4752850580	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	48
4752883245	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis	49
4752885296	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) Ex: Telephone companies used facts to show that they're better than the other.	50
4752919661	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison. Ex: Dave is a bear when it comes to eating.	51
4752926391	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole	52
4752927184	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	53
4752930091	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	54
4752930611	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	55
4752931575	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	56
4752933314	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	57
4752934018	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos). Ex: Using dogs abandoned to donate to their cause.	58
4752934909	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	59
4752940148	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. Ex: The house look at him with pleasure.	60
4752954156	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion. Ex: Any type of religion is stupid since there's not a lot of evidence of a god.	61
4753426569	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	62
4753428489	Premise: major, minor	Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of asyllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise	63
4753431808	Major Premise	All mammals are warm-blooded	64
4753434219	Minor Premise	Horses are warm-blooded.	65
4753538683	conlusion	All horses are warm-blooded	66
4753447880	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	67
4753448711	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. Ex: The Declaration of Independence purpose was to declare independence from Britain.	68
4753451028	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	69
4753452185	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle,use of the "available means of persuasion."	70
4753452839	Rhetorical modes:	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	71
4753452840	Rhetorical question	A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	72
4753458297	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle).	73
4753502704	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it	74
4753504226	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect	75
4753504995	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions - such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	76
4753505417	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect	77
4753505859	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things. Ex: She ran as fast as a cheetah.	78
4753507156	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	79
4753508006	Source	A book, article, person or other resource consulted for information	80
4753508717	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	81
4753509888	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	82
4753511595	Style	The distinctive quality if speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech	83
4753512082	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing	84
4753512693	Subordinate clause	Created b a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause	85
4753513235	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence	86
4753514131	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise. (see premise; major, and minor)	87
4753515034	Syntax	Sentence structure.	88
4753515884	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex	89
4753516381	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer	90
4753517370	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	91
4753522530	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience	92
4753524198	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis	93
4753529151	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a non-literal way; also called figure of speech	94
4753529874	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restrain in language often used for ironic effect	95
4753530170	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	96
4753532572	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs- often in different, sometimes in congruent ways- two or more words in a sentence	97