AP English Language and Composition Exam Vocabulary Flashcards

8348525092	audience	the listener, viewer, or reader of a text	0
8348525093	concession	an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable	1
8348529355	connotation	meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition or denotation; usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone	2
8348529356	context	the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text	3
8348533672	counterargument	an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward; a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation	4
8348533673	ethos	speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic; established by who you are and what you say	5
8348536981	logos	speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up	6
8348536982	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	7
8348536983	pathos	Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience; more specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other	8
8348541987	persona	the face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience	9
8348541988	polemic	An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others; polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit	10
8348546114	propaganda	the spread of ideas and information to further a cause; in its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause	11
8348552295	purpose	the goal the speaker want to achieve	12
8348556090	refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument; in order to sound reasonable, refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable	13
8348556091	rhetoric	the art of finding ways to persuade an audience	14
8348560869	rhetorical appeals	rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling	15
8348565319	rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)	a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text	16
8348569657	SOAPSTone	a mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker, and Tone. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation	17
8348569658	speaker	the person or group who creates a text	18
8348573346	subject	the topic of a text; what the text is about	19
8348577126	text	something that can be read; includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more	20
8348577127	metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable	21
8348581659	simile	a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid	22
8348581660	personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form	23
8348585142	hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally	24
8348585143	parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	25
8348591746	juxtaposition	placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences	26
8348591747	antithesis	opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction	27
8348596113	compound sentence	a sentence that includes at least two independent clauses	28
8348596114	complex sentence	a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	29
8348596115	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	30
8348600928	cumulative sentence	sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	31
8348603584	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	32
8348603585	pacing	how quickly the author reveals details	33
8348613457	figure of speech	figurative language in the form of a single word or phrase	34
8494158332	solemnity	the state or quality of being serious and dignified	35
8494159414	ornithological	the scientific study of birds	36
8494159415	immediacy	the quality of bringing one into direct and instant involvement with something, giving rise to a sense of urgency or excitement	37
8494162045	contemporary	belonging to or occurring in the present	38
8582905210	synaesthesia	one sense invokes another	39
8582928535	oxymoron	two worded paragraph	40
8582931383	synecdoche	a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa	41
8738683489	troglodyte	a person who lived in a cave	42
8738686907	syllogisms	an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion	43
8738690207	ad hominem	directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining	44
8738690208	jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	45
8738692979	grandeur	splendor and impressiveness, especially of appearance or style	46
8738964712	husband	use (resources) economically; conserve	47