AP Psychology Unit 10 Language and Cognition Flashcards

9959605160	Cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
9959605161	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
9959605162	Prototype	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides quick/easy methods for sorting things.	2
9959605163	Algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	3
9959605164	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.	4
9959605165	Insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	5
9959605166	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	6
9959605167	Fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mindset.	7
9959605168	Mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	8
9959605169	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	9
9959605170	representative heuristic	judging the likely-hood of things based on how well they represent, or match, particularly prototypes. (Truck driver and librarian)	10
9959605171	Availability heuristic	estimating the likely-hood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind we presume such events are common.	11
9959605172	Overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements	12
9959605173	Belief perserverence	clinging to ones initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	13
9959605174	Intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	14
9959605175	Framing	the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	15
9959605176	Phonemes	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	16
9959605177	Morphemes	in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be part of a word.	17
9959605178	Grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand each other.	18
9959605179	Semantics	the set of rules by which we derive the MEANING from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of MEANING.	19
9959605180	Syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	20
9959605181	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	21
9959605182	One word stage	the stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2 , during with a child speaks mostly in single words.	22
9959605183	Two word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2 word statements.	23
9959605184	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs.	24
9959605185	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area.	25
9959605186	Broca's Area	controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere of the brain, that directs the muscle movements involving speech. (Controls speech muscles via the motor cortex)	26
9959605187	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception; a brain area involving in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (Interprets auditory code)	27