AP Psychology- Cognition (Memory, Thinking, Language) Flashcards

6657489818	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
6657489819	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
6657489820	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category.	2
6657489821	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.	3
6657489822	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
6657489823	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	5
6657489824	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.	6
6657489825	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	7
6657489826	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.	8
6657489827	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	9
6657489828	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	10
6657489829	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	11
6657489830	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	12
6657489831	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.	13
6657489832	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	14
6657489833	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	15
6657489834	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	16
6657489835	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	17
6657489836	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	18
6657489837	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).	19
6657489838	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	20
6657489839	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.	21
6657489840	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	22
6657489841	babbling stage	babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo	23
6657489842	one-word stage	the stage in which children speak mainly in single words	24
6657489843	two-word stage	they start uttering two word sentences	25
6657489844	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	26
6657489845	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	27
6657489846	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	28
6657489847	encoding	the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.	29
6657489848	storage	the retention of encoded information over time.	30
6657489849	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	31
6657489850	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	32
6657489851	short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.	33
6657489852	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	34
6657489853	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.	35
6657489854	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	36
6657489855	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.	37
6657489856	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	38
6657489857	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	39
6657489858	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	40
6657489859	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.	41
6657489860	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images.	42
6657489861	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	43
6657489862	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.	44
6657489863	imagery	mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.	45
6657489864	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.	46
6657489865	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	47
6657489866	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	48
6657489867	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	49
6657489868	long-term potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	50
6657489869	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	51
6657489870	amnesia	the loss of memory.	52
6657489871	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.)	53
6657489872	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)	54
6657489873	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.	55
6657489874	recall	a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	56
6657489875	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.	57
6657489876	relearning	a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	58
6657489877	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.	59
6657489878	déjà vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	60
6657489879	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	61
6657489880	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	62
6657489881	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	63
6657489882	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	64
6657489883	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	65
6657489884	source amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	66