AP Psychology - THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

9201222203	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
9201222204	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
9201222205	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
9201222206	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
9201222207	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
9201222208	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
9201222209	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
9201222210	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
9201222211	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
9201222212	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
9201222213	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	10
9201222214	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	11
9201222215	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
9201222216	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	13
9201222217	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
9201222218	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
9201222219	Framing	the way an issue is posed	16
9201222220	Language	spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.	17
9201222221	Phoneme	(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound	18
9201222222	Morpheme	smallest meaningful language unit	19
9201222223	Grammar	a system of linguistic rules that enables communication	20
9201222224	Semantics	the study of language meaning	21
9201222225	Syntax	the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
9201222226	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
9201222227	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
9201222228	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
9201222229	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
9201222230	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
9201222231	Noam Chomsky	American linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.	28
9201222232	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
9201222233	Benjamin Whorf	Linguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30