AP Psychology THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

8280612509	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
8280612510	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
8280612511	Prototype	a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)	2
8280612512	algorithm	a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem	3
8280612513	Heuristic	a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem	4
8280612514	Insight	A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution	5
8280612516	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	6
8280612517	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	7
8280612518	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	8
8280612519	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)	9
8280612520	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	10
8280612521	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	11
8280612522	Overconfidence	total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant	12
8280612523	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	13
8280612524	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	14
8280612525	Framing	the way an issue is posed	15
8280612526	Language	spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.	16
8280612527	Phoneme	(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound	17
8280612528	Morpheme	smallest meaningful language unit	18
8280612529	Grammar	a system of linguistic rules that enables communication	19
8280612530	Semantics	the study of language meaning	20
8280612531	Syntax	the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	21
8280612532	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	22
8280612533	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	23
8280612534	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	24
8280612535	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	25
8280612536	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage	26
8280612537	Broca's area	controls the language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	27
8280612538	Wernicke's area	controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe	28
8280612539	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	29