AP Language Fundamental Terms Flashcards

5778010374	Active Voice	any sentence with an active verb	0
5778010375	Ad Hominem	argument on the character of the person you're arguing against, rather than the actual issues at hand.	1
5778010376	Alliteration	repetition of a phonetic sound at the beginning of several words in a sentence.	2
5778010377	Allusion	a reference that recalls another WORK, TIME IN HISTORY, FAMOUS PERSON.	3
5778010378	Anadiplosis	form of repetition that has the last word of the clause beginnings the next creating a connection of ideas	4
5778010379	Analogy	A term that signifies a relational comparison between two objects or ideas	5
5778010380	Anaphora	the deliberate repetition of a word or a phrase at the BEGINNING of several successive poetic lines	6
5778010381	Anastrophe	the reversal of the natural order of words in a sentence or line of poetry ("the poisoned apple she ate to her gave cramps of a serious nature")	7
5778010382	Antithesis	an observation that is in opposition to your claim or an author's claim.	8
5778010383	Aphorism	an elemental truth	9
5778010384	Apostrophe	direct address of someone who is not present	10
5778010385	Appositive	a noun phrase that modifies the noun next to it	11
5778010386	Argument From Ignorance	an argument stating that something is true because it has never been proven false	12
5778010387	Asyndeton	the omission of conjunctions from a series of related independent clauses	13
5778010388	Bandwagon	"everyone's doing it" fallacy	14
5778010389	Begging The Question	argument occurs when the speaker states a claim that includes a word or phrase that requires defining	15
5778010390	Cause and Effect	fallacy that says this caused this	16
5778010391	Chiasmus	ABBA syntactical structure rather than normal ABAB syntactical structure	17
5778010392	Complex Sentence	A sentence structure that has a dependent clause and an independent clause	18
5778010393	Compound Sentence	two independent clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction	19
5778010394	Compound-Complex Sentence	a combination of a compound and complex sentence	20
5778010395	Connotation	the associations or moods that accompany a word (negative or positive)	21
5778010396	Declarative Sentence	a basic statement or assertion	22
5778010397	Deductive	a form of logical argumentation that uses claims or premises;	23
5778010398	Denotation	dictionary definition	24
5778010399	Dependent Clause	clause that has a noun and a verb but cannot standalone due to it containing a subordinating conjuction	25
5778010400	Dialect	a regional speech pattern	26
5778010401	Diction	the particular words that an author uses in any essay (building block of composition)	27
5778010402	Distractor	a possible answer that seems to be correct but is wrong or not as good as the other answers	28
5778010403	Ellipsis	three dots that indicate the omission of words	29
5778010404	Epanalepsis	repeats the opening word or phrase at the end of the sentence to emphasize a statement or or idea	30
5778010405	Epistrophe	the ending of a series of lines, phrases , clauses, or sentences with the same word or words	31
5778010406	Ethos	appeal to credibility	32
5778010407	Etymology	the study of the origin of words and their historical uses.	33
5778010408	Euphemism	to us a nicer word for something find inapproprate	34
5778010409	Exclamatory Sentence	sentence that conveys excitement	35
5778010410	Fallacy	a failure of logical reasoning	36
5778010411	False Analogy	an argument using an inappropriate metaphor.	37
5778010412	False Dilemma	fallacy in the argument that the problem of debate only has two solutions	38
5778010413	Gerund	a verb ending in "ing" that serves as a noun	39
5778010414	Hyperbole	an exaggeration	40
5778010415	Imagery	one of the five sentences, evoked by what you have read.	41
5778010416	Imperative Sentence	command	42
5778010417	Independent Clause	a clause that can stand alone	43
5778010418	Inductive	type of logical argumentation that requires the use of examples; drawing conclusions based on specific evidence	44
5778010419	Inifinitive	the word "to" plus a verb that functions as a noun/predicate of a sentence	45
5778010420	Interrogative Sentence	a question	46
5778010421	Irony	the use of words meant to express the opposite of the literal meaning.	47
5778010422	Jargon	a pattern of speech/ vocab that is associated with a particular group of people	48
5778010423	Juxtaposition	making one idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite (foils)	49
5778010424	Logos	A rhetorical appeal to reason; strategy of argumentation; with rational tone	50
5778010425	Loose Sentence	An independent clause followed by many dependent clauses	51
5778010426	Malapropism	Word play where a word is falsely substituted for another that sounds similar, usually pretty funny ("He is the very PINEAPPLE of politeness")	52
5778010427	Metaphor	A figure of speech where something is compared to something that is known to better gauge its importance.	53
5778010428	Metonymy	a minor figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for another with which it is close associated with. (the "crown" = the king)	54
5778010429	Non Sequitur	an argument by misdirection	55
5778010430	Object	a noun towards which thought, feeling, or action is directed	56
5778010431	Onomatapoeia	a minor figure of speech in which a sound imitates the thing or action associated with it.	57
5778010432	Oxymoron	two words that together create a sense of opposition	58
5778010433	Paradox	a major figure of speech often used in rhet. analysis that seeks to create a mental discontinuity , which then forces the reader to pause and seek clarity.	59
5778010434	Parallel Syntax	a pattern of language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition. (""(drinking coffee and eating food) (We ... We ...)	60
5778010435	Parentheticals	a phrase inside parentheses	61
5778010436	Participle	a verbal that is used as an adjective that ends it -ing or -ed	62
5778010437	Passive Voice	passive voice where something HAPPENS TO someone	63
5778010438	Pathos	appeal to emotion	64
5778010439	Periodic Sentence	several dependent clauses followed by its independent clause	65
5778010440	Personification	giving human attributes to a non human object	66
5778010441	Phrase	a grouping of words that defines or clarifies; does not have a verb (i.e. prepositional phrase)	67
5778010442	Point of View	The perspective from which a book is written	68
5778010443	Poisoning the Well	When a person is introduced as unreliable before even seeing anything bad	69
5778010444	Polysyndeton	The use of using consecutive coordinating conjunctions even when they are not needed, to make the reader breathless.	70
5778010445	Predicate	The verb that conveys the meaning or carries the action of a sentence	71
5778010446	Predicate Adjective	An adjective that FOLLOWS the linking verb (was grey)	72
5778010447	Predicate Nominative	A noun/pronoun that uses a linking verb to describe the subject in the sentence	73
5778010448	Premise	a claim	74
5778010449	Prompt	the language/ paragraph that defines the essay task	75
5778010450	Pun	a play on words	76
5778010451	Red Herring	an argument that distracts by raising issues irrelevant to the case	77
5778010452	Repetition	rhetorical stress that calls the reader's attention to a particular word for emphasis of meaning	78
5778010453	Rhetorical Question	a question whose answer is assumed	79
5778010454	Rhetorical Shift	occurs when author significantly alters her diction/syntax (occur @ critical points in an argument)	80
5778010455	Simile	a crucial figure in a speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using like or as	81
5778010456	Simple Sentence	an independent clause	82
5778010457	Slippery Slope (Domino Theory )	logical fallacy that argues that one thing leads to another	83
5778010458	Stem	multiple choice question	84
5778010459	Straw Man	occurs when a person is engaging in an argument with essentially noone, defining his opponent's argument without him or her actually being there	85
5778010460	Subject	the formal term for the noun that is the basic focus of the sentence	86
5778010461	Subordinating Conjuction	A conjunction that makes an independent clause a dependent one (i.e "WHEN I go to work")	87
5778010462	Syllogism	three part argument, with a minor premise, major premise, then a truth	88
5778010463	Synecdoche	a minor figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (all HANDS on deck)	89
5778010464	Syntax	the study of the rules of grammar that define the formation of sentences	90
5778010465	Synthesis	to unite or synthesize a variety of sources to achieve a common end.	91
5778010466	Theme	the basic message or meaning conveyed through elements of character and conflict	92
5778010467	Thesis	the writer's statement of purpose	93
5778010468	Tricolon	a sentence with three equally distinct and equally long parts, used for dramatic purposes	94
5778010469	Understatement	creates exaggeration by showing restraint	95
5778010470	Zeugma	minor device in which two or more elements in a sentence are tied together by the same verb/noun (i.e "She dashed his hopes and out of his life when she walked through the the door")	96