UNIT 4- APES Flashcards
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7300203525 | Core | The innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer. | ![]() | 0 |
7300205045 | Mantle | The layer of Earth above the core, containing magma. | ![]() | 1 |
7300207473 | Magma | Molten rock. | ![]() | 2 |
7300208052 | Asthenosphere | The layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock. | ![]() | 3 |
7300209633 | Lithosphere | The outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust. | ![]() | 4 |
7300210704 | Crust | The chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere. | ![]() | 5 |
7300212135 | Hot Spot | A place where molten material from Earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere. | ![]() | 6 |
7300216370 | Plate Tectonics | The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion. | ![]() | 7 |
7300220965 | Subduction | The process of one crustal plate passing under another. | ![]() | 8 |
7300221901 | Volcano | A vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava. | ![]() | 9 |
7300222923 | Divergent Plate Boundary | An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other. | ![]() | 10 |
7300224052 | Seafloor Spreading | The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth's mantle to the surface. | ![]() | 11 |
7300242746 | Convergent Plate Boundary | An area where plates move toward one another and collide. | ![]() | 12 |
7300243600 | Transform Fault Boundary | An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other. | ![]() | 13 |
7300245079 | Fault | A fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust. | ![]() | 14 |
7300245784 | Seismic Activity | The frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time. | 15 | |
7300246667 | Fault Zone | A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred. | ![]() | 16 |
7300247849 | Earthquake | The sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at Earth's surface. | ![]() | 17 |
7300251154 | Epicenter | The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake. | ![]() | 18 |
7300252428 | Richter Scale | A scale that measures the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. | ![]() | 19 |
7300314283 | Tsunami | A series of large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops. | ![]() | 20 |
7300253503 | Rock Cycle | The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion among other processes. | ![]() | 21 |
7300255658 | Igneous Rock | Rock formed directly from magma. | 22 | |
7300257823 | Intrusive Igneous Rock | Igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground. | ![]() | 23 |
7300259254 | Extrusive Igneous Rock | Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth. | ![]() | 24 |
7300260355 | Fracture | A crack that occurs in rock as it cools. | ![]() | 25 |
7300261170 | Sedimentary Rock | Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments. | 26 | |
7300262389 | Metamorphic Rock | Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure. | 27 | |
7300265485 | Physical Weathering | The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals. | ![]() | 28 |
7300265857 | Chemical Weathering | The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both. | ![]() | 29 |
7300269759 | Acid Precipitation | Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. Also known as Acid Rain. | ![]() | 30 |
7300272323 | Erosion | The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. | ![]() | 31 |
7300274861 | Parent Material | The rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived (created). | ![]() | 32 |
7300275889 | Soil Degradation | The loss of some of all of a soil's ability to support plant growth. | ![]() | 33 |
7300277457 | Horizon | A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color. | 34 | |
7300279982 | O horizon | The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of an organic material in various stages of decomposition. | ![]() | 35 |
7300284345 | A horizon | Top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and mineral that have been mixed together. Known as Topsoil! | ![]() | 36 |
7300288321 | E horizon | A zone of leaching, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often the A horizon. | ![]() | 37 |
7300290762 | B horizon | A soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter. | ![]() | 38 |
7300292695 | C horizon | The least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material. | ![]() | 39 |
7300295903 | Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) | The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations. | 40 | |
7300298817 | Ore | Rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral-often a metal- to make it profitable for mining and processing. | 41 | |
7300301099 | High Grade Ore | Contains a large concentration of the desired mineral. | 42 | |
7300328144 | Metal | An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions. | 43 | |
7300302380 | Low Grade Ore | Contains a small concentration of the desired mineral. | 44 | |
7300303303 | Reserves | In resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be econimically recovered. | 45 | |
7300303313 | Depletion Time | The time it takes to use up a certain proportion (usually 80%) of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use. | 46 | |
7300304664 | Overburden | A layer of soil and rock overlying a mineral deposit, which is removed by surface mining. | 47 | |
7300304665 | Spoils or Tailings | Unwanted rock and other waste materials produced when a material is removed from the earth's surface by mining dredging, quarrying, or excavation. | 48 | |
7300305487 | Open-Pit Mining | A mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground. | ![]() | 49 |
7300305488 | Strip Mining | The removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore. | ![]() | 50 |
7300308680 | Mountaintop Mining | A mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives. | ![]() | 51 |
7300308681 | Subsurface Mining | Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 ft) below the surface of the Earth. | ![]() | 52 |
7300310818 | Subsidence | The collapse of land above some underground mines. | ![]() | 53 |
10389825731 | Weather | The short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed. | ![]() | 54 |
10389826885 | Climate | The average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time. | ![]() | 55 |
10389828236 | Troposphere | A layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the Earth, extending up to approximately 16km (10 miles). Consists of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and methane. | ![]() | 56 |
10389829028 | Stratosphere | The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50km (10-31 miles) above the surface of the Earth. Contains the ozone layer, which filters out 95% of the sun's harmful UV radiation. | ![]() | 57 |
10389829360 | Greenhouse Effect | Absorption of infrared radiation by atmosphere gases and re-radiation of the energy back toward Earth. | ![]() | 58 |
10389830525 | Greenhouse Gases | Gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat near the surface. (Water Vapor (H₂O), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Methane (NH₄), Nitrous Oxide (N₂O), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)) | ![]() | 59 |
10389830526 | Albedo | The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface. | ![]() | 60 |
10389831943 | Atmospheric Convection Currents | Global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth. | ![]() | 61 |
10389832743 | Hadley Cells | A convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30°N and 30°S. | ![]() | 62 |
10389834769 | Polar Cells | A convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60N and 60S and sinks at the poles, 90°N and 90°S. | ![]() | 63 |
10389835455 | Ferrell Cells | A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells. | ![]() | 64 |
10389835456 | Coriolis Effect | The deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of Earth. | ![]() | 65 |
10389836700 | Rain Shadow Effect | A region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds form the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side. | ![]() | 66 |
10389836701 | Upwelling | The upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents. | ![]() | 67 |
10389838402 | Thermohaline Circulation | An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water. | ![]() | 68 |
10389839545 | El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific Ocean. | ![]() | 69 |