UNIT 4- APES Flashcards
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| 7300203525 | Core | The innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer. |  | 0 |
| 7300205045 | Mantle | The layer of Earth above the core, containing magma. |  | 1 |
| 7300207473 | Magma | Molten rock. |  | 2 |
| 7300208052 | Asthenosphere | The layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock. |  | 3 |
| 7300209633 | Lithosphere | The outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust. |  | 4 |
| 7300210704 | Crust | The chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere. | | 5 |
| 7300212135 | Hot Spot | A place where molten material from Earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere. |  | 6 |
| 7300216370 | Plate Tectonics | The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion. |  | 7 |
| 7300220965 | Subduction | The process of one crustal plate passing under another. |  | 8 |
| 7300221901 | Volcano | A vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava. |  | 9 |
| 7300222923 | Divergent Plate Boundary | An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other. |  | 10 |
| 7300224052 | Seafloor Spreading | The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth's mantle to the surface. |  | 11 |
| 7300242746 | Convergent Plate Boundary | An area where plates move toward one another and collide. |  | 12 |
| 7300243600 | Transform Fault Boundary | An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other. |  | 13 |
| 7300245079 | Fault | A fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust. |  | 14 |
| 7300245784 | Seismic Activity | The frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time. | 15 | |
| 7300246667 | Fault Zone | A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred. |  | 16 |
| 7300247849 | Earthquake | The sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at Earth's surface. |  | 17 |
| 7300251154 | Epicenter | The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake. |  | 18 |
| 7300252428 | Richter Scale | A scale that measures the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. |  | 19 |
| 7300314283 | Tsunami | A series of large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops. |  | 20 |
| 7300253503 | Rock Cycle | The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion among other processes. |  | 21 |
| 7300255658 | Igneous Rock | Rock formed directly from magma. | 22 | |
| 7300257823 | Intrusive Igneous Rock | Igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground. |  | 23 |
| 7300259254 | Extrusive Igneous Rock | Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth. |  | 24 |
| 7300260355 | Fracture | A crack that occurs in rock as it cools. |  | 25 |
| 7300261170 | Sedimentary Rock | Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments. | 26 | |
| 7300262389 | Metamorphic Rock | Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure. | 27 | |
| 7300265485 | Physical Weathering | The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals. |  | 28 |
| 7300265857 | Chemical Weathering | The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both. |  | 29 |
| 7300269759 | Acid Precipitation | Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. Also known as Acid Rain. |  | 30 |
| 7300272323 | Erosion | The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. |  | 31 |
| 7300274861 | Parent Material | The rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived (created). |  | 32 |
| 7300275889 | Soil Degradation | The loss of some of all of a soil's ability to support plant growth. |  | 33 |
| 7300277457 | Horizon | A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color. | 34 | |
| 7300279982 | O horizon | The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of an organic material in various stages of decomposition. |  | 35 |
| 7300284345 | A horizon | Top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and mineral that have been mixed together. Known as Topsoil! | | 36 |
| 7300288321 | E horizon | A zone of leaching, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often the A horizon. | | 37 |
| 7300290762 | B horizon | A soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter. | | 38 |
| 7300292695 | C horizon | The least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material. | | 39 |
| 7300295903 | Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) | The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations. | 40 | |
| 7300298817 | Ore | Rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral-often a metal- to make it profitable for mining and processing. | 41 | |
| 7300301099 | High Grade Ore | Contains a large concentration of the desired mineral. | 42 | |
| 7300328144 | Metal | An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions. | 43 | |
| 7300302380 | Low Grade Ore | Contains a small concentration of the desired mineral. | 44 | |
| 7300303303 | Reserves | In resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be econimically recovered. | 45 | |
| 7300303313 | Depletion Time | The time it takes to use up a certain proportion (usually 80%) of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use. | 46 | |
| 7300304664 | Overburden | A layer of soil and rock overlying a mineral deposit, which is removed by surface mining. | 47 | |
| 7300304665 | Spoils or Tailings | Unwanted rock and other waste materials produced when a material is removed from the earth's surface by mining dredging, quarrying, or excavation. | 48 | |
| 7300305487 | Open-Pit Mining | A mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground. |  | 49 |
| 7300305488 | Strip Mining | The removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore. |  | 50 |
| 7300308680 | Mountaintop Mining | A mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives. |  | 51 |
| 7300308681 | Subsurface Mining | Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 ft) below the surface of the Earth. |  | 52 |
| 7300310818 | Subsidence | The collapse of land above some underground mines. |  | 53 |
| 10389825731 | Weather | The short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed. |  | 54 |
| 10389826885 | Climate | The average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time. |  | 55 |
| 10389828236 | Troposphere | A layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the Earth, extending up to approximately 16km (10 miles). Consists of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and methane. |  | 56 |
| 10389829028 | Stratosphere | The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50km (10-31 miles) above the surface of the Earth. Contains the ozone layer, which filters out 95% of the sun's harmful UV radiation. |  | 57 |
| 10389829360 | Greenhouse Effect | Absorption of infrared radiation by atmosphere gases and re-radiation of the energy back toward Earth. |  | 58 |
| 10389830525 | Greenhouse Gases | Gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat near the surface. (Water Vapor (H₂O), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Methane (NH₄), Nitrous Oxide (N₂O), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)) |  | 59 |
| 10389830526 | Albedo | The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface. |  | 60 |
| 10389831943 | Atmospheric Convection Currents | Global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth. |  | 61 |
| 10389832743 | Hadley Cells | A convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30°N and 30°S. |  | 62 |
| 10389834769 | Polar Cells | A convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60N and 60S and sinks at the poles, 90°N and 90°S. | | 63 |
| 10389835455 | Ferrell Cells | A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells. | | 64 |
| 10389835456 | Coriolis Effect | The deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of Earth. |  | 65 |
| 10389836700 | Rain Shadow Effect | A region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds form the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side. |  | 66 |
| 10389836701 | Upwelling | The upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents. |  | 67 |
| 10389838402 | Thermohaline Circulation | An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water. |  | 68 |
| 10389839545 | El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific Ocean. |  | 69 |