AP Biology Biochemistry Review Flashcards

8529755192	Carbohydrate Examples	glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	0
8529755193	Disaccharide		1
8529755194	Monosaccharide		2
8529755195	Polysaccharide		3
8529755196	Lipid Examples	fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides	4
8529755197	Unsaturated Fat		5
8529755198	Saturated Fat		6
8529755199	Steroid		7
8529755200	Phospholipid		8
8529755201	Nucleotide		9
8529755202	Nucleic Acid Examples	DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)	10
8529755203	DNA		11
8529755204	RNA		12
8529755205	Protein Examples	amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes	13
8529755206	Triglyceride		14
8529755207	Amino Acid		15
8529755208	Primary Structure of a Protein		16
8529755209	alpha helix (secondary)		17
8529755210	beta-pleated sheet (secondary)		18
8529755211	Tertiary Structure of a Protein		19
8529755212	Quaternary Structure of a Protein		20
8529755213	Disulfide Bridge		21
8529755214	Hydrogen Bonds		22
8529755215	*nucleic acid	*kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information	23
8529755216	*nucleotide	*the monomer of a nucleic acid	24
8529755217	*a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base	*structure of a nucleotide	25
8529755218	*dehydration synthesis between nucleotides	*a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides	26
8529755219	*purines	*double-ringed nitrogen base such as adenine or guanine	27
8529755220	*pyrimidine	*single-ringed nitrogen base such as cytosine, uracil, or thymine	28
8529755221	*proteins	*a macromolecule made chains of amino acids	29
8529755222	*enzymes	*proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms (reduce the activation energy required)	30
8529755223	*a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group	*structure of an amino acid	31
8529755224	*20	*the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms	32
8529755225	*dehydration synthesis between amino acids	*process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond)	33
8529755226	*peptide bond	*covalent bond formed between amino acids	34
8529755227	*polypeptide chain	*a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds	35
8529755228	*R-group	*stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties	36
8529755229	four levels of a proteins structure	primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure	37
8529755230	*denatured	*a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible	38
8529755231	*hydrogen bonds in proteins	*bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins	39
8529755232	*hydrophobic R-groups	*move together to the interior of a protein, away from water	40
8529755233	*triglyceride	*lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol	41
8529755234	glycerol	a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic	42
8529755235	*functions of lipids	*long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing	43
8529755236	food made of saturated fatty acid	animal fats and butter; bad fats	44
8529755237	cholesterol	the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids	45
8529755238	*monosaccharide	*the simplest kind of carbohydrate	46
8529755239	*simple sugar	*another name for a monosaccharide	47
8529755240	-ose	suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose)	48
8529755241	formula for sugar molecules	(CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8	49
8529755242	*1:2:1	*the ratio of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate	50
8529755243	*disaccharide	*two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage	51
8529755244	*dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides	*process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides	52
8529755245	*the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂	*one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides	53
8529755246	lactose	milk sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with galactose	54
8529755247	*polysaccharide	*three or more monosaccharides	55
8529755248	organic molecules	molecules that contain carbon	56
8529755249	macromolecules	large organic molecules	57
8529755250	the reason carbon is important to life	carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)	58
8529755251	four	number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements	59
8529755252	nonpolar	not soluable in water	60
8529755253	polar	soluable in water	61
8529755254	isomer	Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes)	62
8529755255	functional groups	parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions	63
8529755258	hydrogen bond in water	weak bond formed between water molecules	64
8529755259	universal solvent	Property of water in which substances that are ionic or substances that have polar covalent bonds all dissolve in water.	65
8529755260	hydrophillic	Term for substances that dissolve in water.	66
8529755261	hydrophobic	Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.	67
8529755262	solute	A substance that dissolves into a solvent.	68
8529755263	solvent	A substance that dissolves another substance.	69