Body Systems AP Biology Flashcards

6162279282	Vascular Tissues	Xylem and Phloem	0
6162282499	Endocrine system	secrete hormones through glands	1
6162286255	Pituitary Glands	growth hormones	2
6162307066	Lutinizing Hormone	Production of sperm	3
6162309396	Follicle Stimulating Hormone	maturation of follicles in the ovary	4
6162312208	Pineal Gland	optic nerve. Third eye. Secretes seratonin and melatonin. Stimulates sleep and wakeness as well as sense of well-being.	5
6162315754	Thyroid Gland	thyroxin is the hormone produced. Regulates metabolism (usually cellular). Hyperthyrodism is super excited.	6
6162322489	Testis	secretes testosterone	7
6162323717	Ovary	secretes estrogen	8
6162325534	Adrenal Gland	adrenalin and epeniphren. On kidney. Important hormones. Adrenaline is in the sympathetic nervous system (eyes dilating).	9
6162330238	Pancreas	Insulin and Glucagon. Insulin decreases blood sugar levels while Glucagon does the opposite. Most hormones are in the negative feedback look while oxytosin is in the positive feedback loop.	10
6162337415	Adrenaline	In the sympathetic nervous system	11
6162341235	Insulin	decreases blood sugar levels	12
6162341236	Glucagon	increases blood sugar levels	13
6162346028	hormones	target affecter cells and change tissues	14
6162348689	Integumentary System	skin, protection by keratin.	15
6162352044	Hypothalamus	homeostasis regulation. susceptible to injury.	16
6162356047	Integumentary system	external covering of body (skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands, sweat and mucus.) Protection of deeper tissues. Sensory receptors. Thermosensors, pignosensors.	17
6162362075	Sebaceous glands	oil that traps things inhivit the growth of bacteria because mucus may contain antiseptic lysozymes which break down bacteria cell wall.	18
6162368500	Melanin	absorbs UV rays and protects against sunburn. Generates Vitamin D through exposure to UV light. Stores water, fat, and vitamin D.	19
6162373787	Skin	Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue).	20
6162380202	Cutaneous Glands	sweat glands hat secrete to regulate body temperature.	21
6162382262	Sebaceous Glands	secrete oil to keep skin soft and germ free.	22
6162386439	Ceruminous Glands	Produce earwax	23
6162388772	Mammary Glands	milk-producing glands in breasts	24
6162393246	Melanocytes	skin color	25
6162393247	Langerhans	Made in bone marrow and work to fight infection.	26
6162395661	Mucus	slippery secretion containing antiseptic lysozymes and immunoglobulins.	27
6162400929	Lysozyme	breaks down bacterial and fungal peptidoglycan cell wall	28
6162402912	Capillary Loop	goes into epidermal loop. When cold the loop is cut off. Seen in fur in animals, fluffier in the winter	29
6162413976	Shivering	Contraction of muscles which warms the body up.	30
6162418575	Vertebrates	muscles controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles can be completely autonomous.	31
6162421767	Skeletal Muscle		32
6162423696	Smooth Muscle		33
6182836587	Cardiac Muscle		34
6182839778	Myosin Heads	Contract the muscle	35
6182839779	Striated muscle	attached to the skeleton. Used to create movement by applying force to bones and joints via contraction.	36
6182846735	Sarcoplasmic reticulum	coating around muscle protein fiber. Charges calcium ions.	37
6182850512	contract	If can't remove neurotransmitter from gap, muscle will ________ and stay that way.	38
6182854802	enzymes	thing that it breaks down + ase. Sit in the gap that breaks down neurotransmitters.	39
6182860027	neurotransmitter	acetyl-coline	40
6182862449	hypothalamus	change in shape of smooth muscle by autonomic nervous system.	41
6182867736	veins and arteries	change shape to change blood pressure.	42
6182871248	blood	CO2 is produced in the tissue and ____ becomes fizzy and acidic.	43
6182873702	hypothalamus	_____ senses decrease in blood pH (increased acidity). Leads to harder breathing.	44
6182880660	Endoplasmic reticulum	In skeletal muscle, the _______ is pushed to the outside and becomes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.	45
6182884318	skeletal muscle	bundle of muscle fibers.	46
6182886592	Myofibrils	contain sarcomeres (sliding filaments model).	47
6182889391	Actin	thick and z-line.	48
6182890853	Myosin	thin and n-line.	49
6182892785	alpha-helical	actin and myosin are	50
6182898041	myosin	rachets the actin and pulls it along.	51
6182899641	tropomyosin	actin fiber is wrapped with this. The myosin binding site can't bind if it's there.	52
6182904200	relaxed	tropomyosin is there, muscle is	53
6182905912	Calcium	binds to the tropomyosin and releases the troponin so that the muscle contracts.	54
6182908823	calcium ions	are in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.	55
6182910586	Striated muscle	apply force to bone and joints	56
6182913043	Smooth muscle	change organ dimension.	57
6182921718	Cardiac muscle	branched at interlocated disks. Capable of contracting as a single fiber without nervous stimulus.	58
6182925214	Digestive system	ingestion, digestion, defecation, absorption.	59
6182928188	Defecation	stuff we can't digest comes out.	60
6182934197	Multi-cellular animals	take in food, digests it to extra energy, and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.	61
6182939141	Ingestion	consumption by month through eating or drinking into the gastrointestinal tract.	62
6182941910	Digestion	metabolism, substance is processes in order to chemically and mechanically convert the substance for the body to use.	63
6182947265	Defecation	eliminate solid or semisolid waste material	64
6289169920	Transpiration	process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves. Evaporation occurs.	65
6289176377	Somatic	Voluntary nervous system	66
6289177282	Mechanical Digestion	chewing	67
6289177283	Chemical Digestion	breaking down. (Amylase, lipase, peptidase)	68
6289178537	Amylase, lipase, peptidase	digestive enzymes	69
6289179317	Absorb	small intestines	70
6289182019	Large intestines	formation of feces by absorption of water	71
6289185870	Esophagus	after mouth	72
6289186903	stomach	after esophagus	73
6289188497	small intestines	after stomach	74
6289188498	rectum	after large intestines	75
6289192766	saliva	protase and amylase enzymes	76
6289194866	Liver	glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, detoxification. Largest gland. Production of bile-gall bladder stores it	77
6289199046	Chyme	food in stomach going into intestines	78
6357427726	Restriction Enzymes	bacterial protection against viruses.	79
6357428858	Nervous system	specialized network makeup of Neurons.	80
6357431732	Neurons	they conduct and use electro-chemical signals. Axons are bundled up to create nerves.	81
6357434484	Somatic	voluntary control, skeletal muscle	82
6357436665	Autonomic	involuntary. Sympathetic and parasympathetic (regulate processes)	83
6357438066	Enteric	digestive system	84
6357439857	Sympathetic	induced by hormones (adrenaline). Inhibits blood use in parts of body where it's not needed for fight or flight.	85
6357444113	Parasympathetic	opposite response to sympathetic nervous system. Everything is relaxed and normal. Constriction of pupil, dilation of vessels, relaxation of heart.	86
6357450658	Nervous	central nervous system and peripheral nervous system	87
6357453571	Brain	center of CNS for behavior.	88
6357456718	Spinal Cord	Long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that is extension of CNS.	89
6357459415	Neurons	also include the non-axon glial cells that ensheath the axons in the myelin.	90
6357462484	Soma	cell-body of neuron	91
6357463578	Urinary system	excretory system.	92
6357465585	Fecal	digestion, removal of metabolic process throughout the body.	93
6357467236	Kidney	Nephrons where diffusion is taking place.	94
6357469427	Nephridia	individual organs that excrete the waste of metabolism	95
6357471518	Electrolytes	ions from salts in out diets.	96
6357474285	kidney stones	build up of electrolytes and lack of water.	97
6357476531	Kidney	outer cortex, inner medulla.	98
6357477651	Nephron	glamerillus (know of capilleries surrounded by bowman's capsule)	99
6357480790	Nitrogenous wastes	the hardest to get rid of. We can't store ammonia (need to be turned into urea which costs us water)	100
6357485386	Reptiles	Create ureic acid crystals to eliminate	101
6357487664	Medulla	from Loop of Henley to	102
6357489211	Callses	from Medulla to	103
6357490549	Ureter	From Callses to	104
6357491945	Urethra	From Ureter to	105
6357493770	Worm	Exchange of gases through skin.	106
6357494902	Fish	Exchange of gas through gills	107
6357496310	Sinuses	nasal cavities to	108
6357497192	Mouth	sinuses to	109
6357497205	Trachea	mouth to	110
6357498778	Bronchai	Trachea to	111
6357500401	Smaller aveoli	Bronchai to	112
6357501507	negative pressure breathing	we have this, which means that gas exchange causes respiration, and we contract the diaphragm	113
6357505151	Diaphragm contracts	floor up	114
6365295443	positive pressure breathing	frogs, no big use of lungs. expand lungs.	115
6365310095	Acidity	carbon dioxide in blood	116
6365311953	Circularory System	maintain homeostasis by moving nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells. Stabilize blood temp and pH.	117
6365316785	Closed circulatory system	we have, more efficient, and blood never leaves arteries and veins.	118
6365320976	Open circulatory system	blood leaves vessels + veins. Open space. No differentiation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, so NOT efficient.	119
6365328071	Lymphatic system	parallel to circulatory system	120
6365332150	Systematic circulation	portion of the system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.	121
6365336779	Arteries	away from heart	122
6365336781	veins	to heart	123
6365344268	Narrowed artery	hardening of artery/vein from build up of plaque.	124
6365345568	Occlusion	Clogged artery by fat.	125
6365347513	Balloon angeoplasty	to fix it (with stint).	126
6365353480	Aneurysm	abnormal blood flow. Dilation containing very thin arterial wall.	127
6365355741	Varicose vein	when women wore girdles, distortion of blood vessels became balloony.	128
6365361706	Pre-Ventricular Contractions	atrium not pushing into the ventricle.	129
6365363095	Pulmonary Circulation	carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart and to the lungs.	130
6365367224	Fibrigdon	In the blood to make fibrin.	131
6365369366	Pulmonary Artery	blood back to lungs	132
6365369367	Tricuspid valve	aortic valve	133
6365372304	Swelling	pooling of blood.	134
6365374441	athertosclerosis	artery and vein blockage	135
6365375750	Veins	not as many layers	136
6365377591	72	average bpm	137
6365379256	Deviated septum	hole in heart.	138
6365380560	Lymphatic System	transport of fatty acids, transport of liquids from tissues, production of immune cells such as lymphocytes.	139
6365383757	Many organisms	obtain O2 for respiration, secrete nitrogenous wastes, circulating nutrients, regulating body temperature	140
6365391646	Tuna and Mackrel	warm-blooded fish	141
6365393616	Worm skin	skin is one cell layer with mucous gland. Oxygen diffuses into worm through skin. Nitrogenous wastes and electrolytes leave through skin by nephridia.	142
6365399321	Skeleton worm	hydrostatic	143
6365404114	Urinary worm	a pair of nephridia per segment secrete nitrogenous wastes, electrolytes, and other waste materials through skin	144
6365407632	Glucose	from circulatory system - if sugar levels are too long, then glucagon is released to elevate	145
6365412934	Epithelial tissues	absorb into circulatory system	146
6365417065	Suboptimal design	design that doesn't make sense-we live on land.	147
6365418915	Worm Circulatory	closed circulatory system, multiple ostea and aortic arches. Hemoglobin as oxygen carrier. Dorsal artery	148
6365424998	Nervous worm	dorsal brain (cephalia is brain and head region). Ventral nerve cord with ganglia moves along the gut and stomach.	149
6365431313	Digestive worm	mouth-pharynx-esophogus-crop-gizzard-intestine-anus	150
6365434773	crop in worm	storage	151
6365434774	gizzard in worm	grinding organ	152
6365436822	Urinary fish	excrete nitrogenous wastes through gills	153
6365441040	Nervous fish	not as well developed as ours	154
6365442931	Integumentary fish	though epithelium is covered in scales	155
6365448158	Respiratory fish	gills are site of gas exchange, lungs are for croaking.	156
6365450541	Circulatory fish	two-chambered heart. (Amphibians have three-chambered)	157
6365455456	Reproductive fish	usually externally sterilized (spread sperm overtop)	158
6365465086	Vivorous	humans	159
6365465087	ovivorous	eggs	160
6365466570	Internal	shivering, fat burning, panting, dilation	161
6366251564	External	insects flapping wings before flight, fish changing depth, reptiles basking in the sun	162
6366255108	Squamate heart	three-chambered, reptiles	163
6366259744	Frog heart	three-chambered, two atria and one ventricle	164
6366261205	Stomates	work in the exchange of gases, leaf-spine.	165
6366264572	Pistals	pollinate	166
6366264573	Anthers	sex parts	167
6366265726	pollen	sporaphite	168
6366267754	hypothalamus	homeostasis, controls blood pH. environment, body, behavior.	169
6366270652	Amyrillus	covering ovaries	170
6366271699	Anthropods	open circulation	171
6366275295	High heat capacity	integumentary system-lots of water- -----takes energy to change temp.	172
6366278023	Salt	reduces freezing point in water, increases vaporization.	173
6366279527	Arterioles	carry blood to the surface. reduces frostbite	174
6366281212	Frost nip	frozen at stratified epithelium	175
6366282649	Deep frostbite	freezing arterioles, hair follicle, edema, cells rupturing	176
6366285710	Negative feedback loop		177
6366285711	Sugar balance	consumption of glucose to provide energy. Transported in blood. Insulin and glucagon.	178
6366291101	Oxygen	____burned in our cells when we use glucose to make energy	179
6366292747	Glucose burned	our body responds by breathing harder. Nervous response is to maintain homeostasis	180
6366294740	Blood glucose down	alpha cells of pancreas secrete glucagon into blood. Breaks down glycogen and releases glucose.	181
6366299080	Positive feedback loop	contractions, more oxytosin, more contractions rapidly	182
6366300478	Beta cells	release insulin	183
6366301452	Urinary system	regulates water	184
6366304744	Kidneys	eliminate waste	185
6366304745	Blood pH	7.4. Oxygen comes from hemoglobin in blood	186
6366309302	CO2 and H+	in breakdown of glucose	187
6366310414	acidosis	less than 7.4. Enzymes denaturing, pH changes but no harder breathing-pass out.	188
6366310415	death	less than 6.8	189
6366312794	death	more than 7.8	190
6366318622	Kidneys fail	waste becomes toxic	191
6366320166	Kidney stones	too much salt, not enough water	192
6366323602	diarrhea	may secrete water and mucus instead of absorbing nutrients	193
6366325860	Nervous	respond to changes in the stomach and cause vomiting-eliminate toxic or infectious substances.	194
6366330068	Dehydration	result of vomiting and diarrhea	195
6366330069	dehydration	not enough water to cool skin down to perspire	196
6366332131	dehydration	circulatory system fails to maintain its normal fluidity-harder for heart to pump blood, increased blood pressure	197
6366335197	dehydration	urinary system may not be able to eliminate wastes effectively. Toxins may build up in kidneys.	198
6383234937	higher body temp	increase of body's response to infection	199
6383239800	Higher body temp	lower availability of iron which bacterial infections are based off of.	200
6383242699	Paradoxical shivering	high fevers where hypothalamus is tempered with	201
6383247639	Fever	99.6-105 degrees	202
6383250743	Brain infection (meningitis or encephalitis or poison)	only time when hypothalamus or brain is damaged by fever	203
6383257448	Heat exhaustion	cold and clammy skin. No sweat.	204
6383259817	Febrile seizures	high fevers in kids, no damage.	205
6383262012	Sweating	pulls heat away from skin as water has a high specific heat capacity	206