AP Biology Protein Synthesis Flashcards
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| 6212168220 | Transcription | Process that converts DNA Nucleic Acid language into RNA Nucleic Acid language. | 0 | |
| 6212168221 | RNA Structure | • Ribose sugar. • Nitrogen bases: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine. • Single stranded. | 1 | |
| 6212168222 | Types of RNA | • mRNA • tRNA • rRNA • siRNA | 2 | |
| 6212168223 | Template Strand | Transcribed DNA strand; the strand of DNA that is temporarily paired with the RNA. | 3 | |
| 6212168224 | Coding Strand | Untranscribed DNA strand; same sequence as RNA. | 4 | |
| 6212168225 | Transcription Bubble | Where DNA unzips for transcription to begin. | 5 | |
| 6212168226 | RNA Polymerase I | Only transcribes rRNA genes; makes ribosomes. | 6 | |
| 6212168227 | RNA Polymerase II | Transcribes genes into mRNA. | 7 | |
| 6212168228 | RNA Polymerase III | Only transcribes tRNA genes. | 8 | |
| 6212168229 | Promoter Region | Binding site before beginning of gene; for RNA Polymerase and transcription factors. | 9 | |
| 6212168230 | TATA Box Binding Site | A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. | 10 | |
| 6212168231 | Enhancer Region | Binding site far upstream of gene. Turns transcription on HIGH. | 11 | |
| 6212168232 | Initiation Complex | Transcription factors bind to promoter region. Trigger the binding of RNA Polymerase to DNA. | 12 | |
| 6212168233 | Exons | The real gene; expressed/coding DNA. | 13 | |
| 6212168234 | Introns | The junk genetic material; INbetween sequence. | 14 | |
| 6212168235 | mRNA Splicing | Post-transcriptional processing; edits out introns. | 15 | |
| 6212168236 | Pre-mRNA | Primary transcript of the process. | 16 | |
| 6212168237 | Mature mRNA | The final product of mRNA splicing. | 17 | |
| 6212168238 | snRNPs | Small nuclear RNA; proteins. Responsible for splicing RNA. | 18 | |
| 6212168239 | Spliceosome | Several snRNPs. Recognize splice site sequence. "Cut and paste" gene. | 19 | |
| 6212168240 | Alternative Splicing | Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene; different segments treated as exons. | 20 | |
| 6212168241 | Post-Transcriptional Processing | Need to protect mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm; enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA. | 21 | |
| 6212168242 | mRNA Caps | 5' GTP Cap and Poly-A Tail; longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein. |  | 22 |
| 6212168243 | Reading Frame | Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings. If a single base is added or lost, it throws off the entire reading frame. | 23 | |
| 6212168244 | Translation | From nucleic acid language to amino acid language. | 24 | |
| 6212168245 | Codon | A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid. | 25 | |
| 6212168246 | Start Codons | AUG and Methionine. | 26 | |
| 6212168247 | Stop Codons | UGA, UAA, and UAG. | 27 | |
| 6212168248 | Anti-Codon | Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon. | 28 | |
| 6212168249 | tRNA | Transfer RNA: follows its complementary codon, carries a specific attached amino acid. | 29 | |
| 6212168250 | Ribosomes | Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon. Organelle/enzyme hybrid. | 30 | |
| 6212168251 | Structure of Ribosomes | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Large and small subunits. | 31 | |
| 6212168252 | A Site | Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain. | 32 | |
| 6212168253 | P Site | Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain. | 33 | |
| 6212168254 | E Site | Exit site. Empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit side. | 34 | |
| 6212168255 | Initiation | Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA. | 35 | |
| 6212168256 | Elongation | Adding amino acids based on codon sequence. | 36 | |
| 6212168257 | Termination | End codon. | 37 | |
| 6212168258 | Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes | Translation and transcription coupled, translation begins before transcription is completed. | 38 |