Mitosis - AP Biology Flashcards

5384548452	G1 Phase	First stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.	0
5384548453	G0 Phase	Cell is performing its normal functions, but has left the cell cycle and is not dividing.	1
5384548454	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	2
5384548455	G2 Phase	Last stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is tetraploid.	3
5384548456	Interphase	Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases	4
5384548457	Prophase	Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, nucleolus disappears, and spindle fibers begin to form.	5
5384548458	Metaphase	Phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers help chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.	6
5384548459	Anaphase	Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.	7
5384548460	Telophase	Phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell"	8
5384548461	Cytokinesis	At the end of telophase, actin fibers form an equator around the cell and contract, separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.	9
5384548462	Centriole	A paired cluster of microtubules near the nucleus in animal cells. This organelle organizes spindle fibers during mitosis.	10
5384548463	Centromere	Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach to one another. Contains the kinetochore.	11
5384548464	Kinetochore	A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.	12
5384548465	Spindle Fibers	Made of microtubules that connect centrioles to kinetochores of chromosomes and that separate sister (mitosis) or homologous (meiosis) chromosomes during cell division	13
5384548466	Chromosome	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.	14
5384548467	Chromatid	One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome.	15
5384548468	Haploid	A cell with only one copy of each chromosome.	16
5384548469	Diploid	A cell with two copies of each chromosome.	17
5384548470	Tetraploid	A cell with four copies of each chromosome.	18
5384548471	Karyotype	Micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size	19
5384548472	Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)	A group of protein kinases that are activated by the formation of a complex with a cyclin and are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Only active when bound to a cyclin.	20
5384548473	Cyclin	A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.	21
5384548476	p53	This tumor suppressor gene causes cell cycle arrest in G1, providing time for DNA repair. If repair is successful, cells re-enter the cycle. If unsuccessful, apoptosis. Damage to this protein can cause cancer.	22
5384548477	Proto-oncogene	A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene.	23
5384548478	Tumor Suppressor Gene	A gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth. Mutations in this gene can cause cancer.	24
5384548479	Kinase	An enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a protein. Phosphorylation usually activates protein activity.	25
5384548480	Phosphatase	An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein. Phosphorylation usually activates protein activity.	26
5384555906	growth factors	Factors that stimulate the cell to divide.	27
5384565273	cancer	Disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth; A disease in which the body cells grow & divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.	28
5384586562	metastisis	spread of cancer cells	29
5384588818	treatments for cancer	surgery; radiation; chemotherapy; immunotherapy	30
5384614526	angiogenesis	the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply by recruiting new blood vessels	31
5384623592	normal cell cycle regulators	adhesion; crowding/density-dependence; growth factors	32