AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9941219597	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9941219598	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9941219599	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9941219600	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9941219601	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9941219602	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9941219603	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9941219604	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9941219605	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9941219606	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9941219607	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9941219608	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9941219609	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9941219610	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9941219611	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9941219612	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9941219613	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9941219614	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9941219615	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9941219616	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9941219617	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9941219618	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9941219619	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9941219620	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9941219621	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9941219622	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9941219623	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9941219624	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9941219625	theory	general idea being tested	28
9941219626	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9941219627	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9941219628	mode	appears the most	31
9941219629	mean	average	32
9941219630	median	middle	33
9941219631	range	highest - lowest	34
9941219632	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9941219633	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9941219634	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9941219635	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9941219636	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9941219637	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9941219638	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9941219639	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9941219831	neuron		43
9941219640	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9941219641	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9941219642	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9941219643	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9941219644	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9941219645	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9941219646	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9941219647	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9941219648	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9941219649	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9941219650	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9941219651	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9941219652	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9941219653	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9941219654	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9941219655	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9941219656	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9941219657	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9941219658	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9941219659	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9941219660	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9941219661	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9941219662	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9941219663	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9941219664	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9941219665	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9941219666	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9941219667	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9941219668	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9941219669	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9941219670	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9941219671	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9941219672	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9941219673	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9941219674	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9941219675	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9941219676	occipital lobe	vision	80
9941219677	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9941219678	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9941219679	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9941219680	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9941219681	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9941219682	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9941219683	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9941219684	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9941219685	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9941219686	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9941219687	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9941219688	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9941219689	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9941219690	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9941219691	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9941219692	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9941219693	rods	night time	97
9941219694	cones	color	98
9941219695	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9941219696	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9941219697	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9941219698	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9941219699	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9941219700	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9941219701	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9941219702	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9941219703	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9941219704	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9941219705	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9941219706	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9941219707	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9941219708	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9941219709	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9941219710	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9941219711	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9941219712	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9941219713	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9941219714	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9941219715	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9941219716	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9941219717	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9941219718	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9941219719	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9941219720	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9941219721	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9941219722	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9941219723	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9941219724	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9941219726	depressants	slows neural pathways	129
9941219727	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	130
9941219728	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	131
9941219729	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	132
9941219730	stimulants	hypes neural processing	133
9941219731	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	134
9941219732	caffeine	((stimulant))	135
9941219733	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	136
9941219734	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	137
9941219735	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	138
9941219736	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	139
9941219737	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	140
9941219738	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	141
9941219739	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	142
9941219740	types of learning	classical operant observational	143
9941219741	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	144
9941219742	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	145
9941219743	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	146
9941219744	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	147
9941219745	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	148
9941219746	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	149
9941219747	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	150
9941219748	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	151
9941219749	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	152
9941219750	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	153
9941219751	operant conditioning	control by organism	154
9941219752	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	155
9941219753	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	156
9941219754	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	157
9941219755	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	158
9941219756	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	159
9941219757	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	160
9941219758	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	161
9941219759	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	162
9941219760	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	163
9941219761	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	164
9941219762	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	165
9941219763	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	166
9941219764	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	167
9941219765	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	168
9941219766	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	169
9941219767	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	170
9941219768	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	171
9941219769	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	172
9941219770	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	173
9941219771	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	174
9941219772	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	175
9941219773	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	176
9941219774	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	177
9941219775	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	178
9941219776	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	179
9941219777	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	180
9941219778	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	181
9941219779	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	182
9941219780	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	183
9941219781	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	184
9941219782	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	185
9941219783	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	186
9941219784	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	187
9941219785	encoding	information going in	188
9941219786	storage	keeping information in	189
9941219787	retrieval	taking information out	190
9941219788	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	191
9941219789	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	192
9941219790	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	193
9941219791	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	194
9941219792	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	195
9941219793	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	196
9941219794	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	197
9941219795	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	198
9941219796	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	199
9941219797	implicit memory	naturally do	200
9941219798	explicit memory	need to explain	201
9941219799	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	202
9941219800	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	203
9941219801	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	204
9941219802	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	205
9941219803	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	206
9941219804	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	207
9941219805	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	208
9941219806	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	209
9941219807	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	210
9941219808	misinformation effect	not correct information	211
9941219809	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	212
9941219810	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	213
9941219811	priming	association (setting you up)	214
9941219812	context	environment helps with memory	215
9941219813	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	216
9941219814	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	217
9941219815	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	218
9941219816	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	219
9941219817	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	220
9941219818	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	221
9941219819	children can't remember before age __	3	222
9941219820	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	223
9941219821	prototypes	generalize	224
9941219822	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	225
9941219823	against problem-solving	fixation	226
9941219824	mental set	what has worked in the past	227
9941219825	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	228
9941219826	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	229
9941219827	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	230
9941219828	grammar is _________	universal	231
9941219829	phonemes	smallest sound unit	232
9941219830	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	233