AP1 Flashcards

6194928839	zygote	All humans are derived from the fertilized egg	0
6194962314	46	zygote has how many chromosomes	1
6195000543	protoplasm	the collective term for all living substance which compose a cell	2
6195017267	organic	contain the element carbon	3
6195024739	inorganic	don't contain the element carbon	4
6195032543	proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids	organic components of the protoplasm include:	5
6195043384	amino acids	proteins are composed of what building blocks	6
6195054356	peptide bonds	amino acid building blocks are strung together in long chains by what type of bonds?	7
6195073778	amine, R (variable) group, Acid	general amino acid structures consists of	8
6195084635	catalytic (enzymes)	having the ability to speed up reactions but not to be consumed in the process. Correct operations require specific pH, temp and concentration	9
6195099230	Structural (Collagen)	having the function of being building material, as in tendon	10
6195104013	Regulatory (hormones)	chemical messengers	11
6195108983	Contractile (muscle)	ability to lengthen and shorten	12
6195115034	immunological (antibodies)	having the ability to help fight off invasions	13
6195121332	Hemoglobin	having the capacity to carry molecules attached to their structure	14
6195406541	peptide bonding	holds adjacent amino acids together by removing the OH and a H from the amine group and forming H20	15
6195417899	hydrogen bonding	the sharing of hydrogen between adjacent oxygen and nitrogen (responsible for coiled shape of protein)	16
6195429328	hydrophilic	proteins with polar side chains will attract water since water s polar and are called	17
6195439408	hydrophobic	non polar side chains with no attraction to water	18
6195469668	carbohydrate	known as starches and sugars that have varied function. they can be an energy source or a storage molecule or even a building block of genes found in chromosomes	19
6195491985	simple sugar or monosaccharides	composed of 3-7 carbon atoms in length and cannot be broken into any simpler sugar, can be broken down for energy	20
6195543529	Double sugar( disaccharides)	composed of 2 monosaccharides joined together	21
6195624201	polysaccharides	3 or more monosaccharides joined together by a dehydration synthesis	22
6195664750	hydrolysis	allows for the breakdown of polysaccharides as with disaccharides	23
6195698698	lipids	fats (triglycerides), phospholipids make up this class of organic molecule	24
6195711664	triglycerides	composed of the glycerol molecule and three fatty acids side chains linked by dehydration synthesis.	25
6195742755	saturated fats	each carbon is bonded with 2 hydrogens	26
6195753850	unsaturated fats	have double bonds between adjacent carbons	27
6195763989	phospholipids	this type of lipid has two non-polar side fatty acid chains and one polar side chain due to phosphates presence	28
6195790824	phospholipids	what creates the membranes of cells and creates boundary between inside and outside of the cell	29
6208969592	nucleic acids	large molecules composed of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous. Made up of the building blocks called nucleotides.	30
6209013373	nucleotides	composed of 3 parts: a pentose sugar(deoxyribose or ribose), a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group	31
6209033593	DNA nitrogen bases	adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine	32
6209038298	RNA nitrogen bases	adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil	33
6209077427	nucleoside	the sugar and the base linked together but not to the phosphate group	34
6209087102	ATP	acts as the energy source for the cell, processed in the mitochondria	35
6209096458	Energy produced	ATP-> ADP + P + energy	36
6209133579	Energy stored	ADP + P + energy -> ATP	37
6209166381	Inorganic portion of protoplasm	larger in volume and weight than organic component, consisting of water and various electrolytes	38
6209180986	electrolyte ionization	action of water breaking down various compounds into charged atoms, forming electrolytes	39
6209278650	electrolytes	have a very diverse function in the body from effects on pH to nerve conduction, energy requirements, muscle contractions and many more	40
6209462415	Active	movements requiring the usage of energy	41
6209468410	passive	requiring no energy	42
6209473635	endocytotic	movements into the cell	43
6209478787	exocytotic	movements out of the cell	44
6209538866	phagocytosis	movement of solid particles by extensions of cytoplasm called pseudophodia	45
6209549380	pinocytosis	movement of liquid without pseudopodia	46
6209562635	active transport	movement across the membrane by a carrier molecule against the gradient (L->H)	47
6209581222	diffusion	movement from a high to low concentration (materials must be lipid soluble)	48
6209613754	filtration	movements of liquid under mechanical pressure (filter)	49
6209620339	osmosis	movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration	50
6209629891	solvents	dissolves the solute	51
6209634296	Solutes	large molecules dissolved by solvents	52
6267327701	Hypo-osmotic condition	less than normal solute concentration	53
6267345866	Hyper-osmotic Condition	greater than normal solute concentration	54
6267350386	Iso-osmotic condition	same amount of solute in each	55
6267364915	facilitated diffusion	the passive transport of lipid insolubles across a membrane by a carrier system that temporarily makes it lipid soluble	56
6267380726	dialysis	cleansing of blood by passing it through an artificial cellophane tube immersed in a dialyzing solution	57
6267409656	nucleus	darkly stained central control center of a cell	58
6267433042	nuclear membrane	double envelope with pores, outside of cell, can be disassembled and re-assembled	59
6267473037	nucleoli	non-membrane granules of protein, DNA+RNA, production site for ribosomal RNA	60
6267485811	chromatin	loosely coiled threadlike DNA	61
6267514248	DNA Molecule	made from the building blocks of nucleotides which here must be deoxyribose, a phosphate group and a base which must be adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine	62
6267556055	thymine	adenine goes with	63
6267558143	guanine	cytosine goes with	64
6267572119	hydrogen bonds	dna twists because of	65
6267582621	diploid	term for 23 paired chromosomes or 46 total chromosomes	66
6267596582	haploid	term for our sex cells or 23 chromosomes	67
6267616367	Genes	the functional unit of the chromosome, responsible for producing a certain trait via the production of one kind of protein molecule. the functional gene unit of DNA for protein synthesis is called the triplet code word	68
6267664050	RNA molecule	made from dna templates, single stranded, all made with the sugar ribose and one of the following bases: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine	69
6267712428	M-RNA	single stranded RNA formed from DNA template using one of the uncoiled strands from the DNA double helix, carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm to the ribosome	70
6267753016	R-RNA	single stranded RNA produced from the DNA and helps form the ribosome. anchors the M-RNA on the smaller head of the ribosome	71
6267810876	anticodon	A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA	72
6267822304	codon	sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis	73
6267824565	triplet code word	the functional gene unit of DNA for protein synthesis	74
6267944549	T-RNA	Single strand arranged in a cloverleaf pattern formed from the DNA template. brings an amino acid into linear sequence as it links to its complimentary region of an M-RNA	75
6268602369	protein synthesis	elaborate process of building proteins in the cytoplasm under control of the DNA which never leaves the nucleus	76
6268635330	transcription	DNA double helix unwinds and pulls apart and one strand is functional and the other is not, ribonucleotides attach to unzipped DNA template strand, forms M-RNA and is sent to cytoplasm	77
6268652947	RNA polymerase	enzyme that controls transcription	78
6294616902	hydrogen bonding	How T-RNA ribonucleotides attach to the M-RNA ribonucleotides	79
6294639604	M-RNA	where the codon is located	80
6294642881	T-RNA	where the anti-codon is located	81
6294650540	DNA	triplet code word comes from where	82
6294758442	chromosomes	where genes are located	83
6294761564	somatic	pertaining to the body as a whole	84
6294771427	diploid	having two of each type of chromosome	85
6294774072	haploid	having one of each type of chromosome	86
6294776209	zygote	the fertilized egg, diploid	87
6294791621	gene	a unit of inheritance	88
6294801005	allelle	the variable gene that can change things like hair color	89
6294804896	homozygous	having the same allelles	90
6294810678	heterozygous	having two different allelles	91
6294812836	genotype	genetic constitution of the chromosome	92
6294838697	phenotype	the expression of the trait as a result of the genotype (how you look)	93
6294847414	dominant	an allele that is exerting its full phenotype effect	94
6294852614	recessive	the non expression of the phenotype by an allelle	95
6294856674	sex linked	a gene on the x or y chromosome only	96
6294859795	carrier	a person who carries a trait but does not show the phenotype	97
6294888229	autosomes	chromosomes that don't determine the sex of an individual	98
6294971580	pedigree	the listing of a family tree showing all known generations and sexes and traits	99
6294992018	endoplasmic reticulum	series of membranous tubules and flattened sacs forming channels through the cytoplasm with connections to the nucleus	100
6295034002	Rough ER	has attached to its outer surface ribosomes	101
6295038345	smooth ER	no attachment to its outer surface	102
6295108194	polysome	the ribosome and the M-RNA together	103
6295135506	Golgi apparatus	packaging and transports dangerous things such as catabolic enzymes	104
6295205290	mitochondria	the power house of the cell responsible for the production of energy via ATP	105
6295262240	mitochondria	inner membrane has a series of folds to increase surface area allowing for more reactions to take place	106
6295299742	Krebs cycle	occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and is a series of reactions resulting in the production of ATP	107
6295326052	step 1 of Krebs cycle	glucose broken down into 2 pyruvic acids = glycolysis	108
6295327813	step 2 of Krebs cycle	removal of CO2 forming acetic acid	109
6295374995	step 3 of krebs cycle	acetic acid is transported to mitochondria (via coenzyme A) for respiration	110
6295393433	step 4 of krebs cycle	critic acid starts kreb cycle inside mitochondria which generates 36 more ATPs of energy	111
6295527329	centriole	able to elongate and retract and are important in moving chromosomes during cell division	112
6295608111	Lysosomes	called the suicide bag, contain very potent digestive enzymes	113
6296272988	atp molecule		114
6318289360	dna molecule		115
6318295032	rna molecule		116
6318335783	amino acid		117
6318338353	carbohydrate molecule		118
6318614861	disaccharides		119
6318707821	polysaccharides		120
6318719897	triglycerides		121
6318755945	saturated fat		122
6318765772	unsaturated fat		123
6318783169	phospholipids		124
6318793586	nucleotides		125