AP Statistics Summer Assignment Flashcards

6962356641	Categorical Variable	Places an individual into one of several groups or categories. (ex. blood type, eye color, gender )	0
6962356642	Quantitative Variable	Takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average. (ex. age, temperature)	1
6962356643	Discrete Variable	A variable that CANNOT take on any value between its minimum and maximum value.	2
6962356644	Continuous	Variables that CAN take on any value between its minimum and maximum value.	3
6962356645	Univariate Data	Data, from a study, that depicts a singe variable. (ex. weight of fruit)	4
6962356646	Bivariate Data	Data, from a study, that depicts two variables. ( ex. price and size, height and weight)	5
6962356647	Population	The total set of observations that can be made. (ex. height of ALL ten year olds)	6
6962356648	Sample	A set of observations drawn from a population (ex. height of a SELECT group of ten year olds)	7
6962356649	Median	A simple measure of central tendency / midpoint of a distribution. ( Arrange n observations from least to greatest. If n is odd, median is the middle value. If n is even, median is the average of the two middle values.)	8
6962356650	Mean	Average - Sum of individuals divided by the number of individuals. Formula: x = ( Σ xi ) / n	9
6962356651	Outlier	A data point that diverges greatly from the overall pattern.	10
6962356652	Parameter	A measurable characteristic of a population. (ex. mean, standard deviation)	11
6962356653	Statistics	Discipline allowing researchers to evaluate conclusions derived from sample data. A scientific approach used to collect, interpret and analyze data, assess reliability of conclusions based on sample data.	12
6962356654	Range	Measure of variation in a set of random variables; the difference between the largest and smallest variable. Formula: Max Value - Min Value	13
6962356655	Standard Score ( z-score)	Indication of how many standard deviations an element is from the mean. The value of the element ( X ) minus the population mean ( μ ) divided by the standard deviation ( σ ). Formula: Z = (X - μ) / σ	14
6962356656	Center	Located at the median distribution, a way to describe patterns.	15
6962356657	Spread	Variability of the data, in relation to range; Wide Range, larger spread ; Cluster around single variable, smaller spread.	16
6962356658	Variance	Numerical value used to indicate how widely individuals in a group vary. Formula: of population: σ^2 = Σ ( Xi - μ )^2 / N of simple random sample: s^2 = Σ ( xi - x )^2 / ( n - 1 )	17
6962356659	Symmetry	Attribute used to describe shape of data distribution.	18
6962356660	Unimodel	Distributions with one clear peak	19
6962356661	Bimodel	A distribution with two distinct peaks	20
6962356662	Skewness	The distribution of data in a graphic representation having more observations on one side than the other.	21
6962356663	Uniform	(probability) Values that random variables can take are equally probable. Values graphically portrayed are equally spread across the range of the data set.	22
6962356664	Gaps	Areas in the data where there are no observations.	23
6962356665	Dot Plots	Diagrams that represent the frequency of data	24
6962356666	Bar Chart	A graphical display used with categorical data, where frequencies for each category are shown in vertical or horizontal bars. The column/row is positioned over the categorical data. The height/length indicates size of group defined by the categorical variable.	25
6962356667	Histograms	A graph that displays the distribution of a quantitative variable. The horizontal axis is marked in units of measure, the vertical axis contains scale of counts or percents. It displays class and class frequency.	26
6962356668	Difference between Bar Charts and Histograms	Bar Charts are defined by categorical variable while Histograms are defined by a quantitative variable.	27
6962356669	Stemplots	Used to display quantitative data, generally from small sets. (<50)	28
6962356670	Boxplots	Used to display patterns of one quantitative variable. The data is sectioned into quartiles. A box is drawn around the range of the middle two quartiles and whiskers are drawn to represent the range of the upper and lower quartiles.	29
6962356671	Quartiles	Divides rank ordered data set into four equal parts, Q1, Q2 and Q3. Differs from precentiles. Q1 - P25, Q2 - P50, Q3 - P75. Q2 = Median.	30
6962356672	Interquartile Range (IQR)	Measure of variability, based on dividing a set into quartiles. The range of the two inner quartiles. Formula: IQR = Q3 - Q1	31
6962356673	Four Ways to Describe Data Sets	Skewness, Spread, Uni/Bimodel, Symmetry	32
6962356674	Types of Graphs for Comparing Data	Dot Plots, Box Plots, Bar Charts, Histograms	33