AP Language Flashcards

9932633687	SOAPSTone	Speaker-the person or group who creates the text Occasion- the time & place the text was written or spoken Audience-the listener, viewer, or reader of a text or performance Purpose-the goal the speaker wants to achieve Subject-the topic Tone-the speaker's attitude toward the subject, conveyed by rhetorical choices	0
9932664053	Narration	-an account of actions and events that happen to someone or something in a particular place and time; storytelling Features: -focuses on events -happens in a particular setting(s) -unfolds over time (this happened and then this happened) Why do we narrate? -get reader's attention -illustrate a point -explain the significance of something -persuade others to our point of view	1
9932688780	Description	-writing that appeals to the senses. Tells how something looks, feels, sounds, smells, or tastes. Features: - appeals to the senses Why do we describe? -to make what we're writing about less abstract and more concrete -to help readers see what we see	2
9932709081	Analysis	-the mental act of taking something apart to understand and explain how the pieces fit together Features: -looking at individual parts -noting their relationship to the whole Why do we analyze? -to understand how something works -so we can do it ourselves -so we can explain to others how it is done	3
9932734050	Process analysis	-writing that explains, step by step, how a series of actions or events produces an end result Features: -looking at the parts of your subject -seeing the parts as connected as steps in a sequence Why do we analyze process? -teach others how the process works	4
9932751050	Cause and Effect Analysis	-writing that explains why something happened and examines what might happen as a result Features: - looking backward to try to find a cause - looking forward to consider a possible outcome Why do we analyze cause and effect? -to try to predict future events	5
9932768722	Definition	-writing that explains what something is and is not by identifying the characteristics that set it apart from all others like it Features: -an examination of key features - perhaps comparison - note that writing defines doesn't necessarily need to be relying on a dictionary or an authority Why do we define? -to better understand our subject	6
9932791187	Comparison and contrast	-writing that explores the similarities and differences between 2 or more persons, places, things or ideas Features: - an examination of similarities and differences - usually there's an emphasis of one over the other Why do we compare and contrast? - to evaluate - to help us better understand each individual subject	7
9932817623	Argumentation	-writing that takes a position on an issue and seeks to convince its audience to act in a certain way, to believe in the truth or validity of a statement, or simply to listen w/ an open mind Features: - taking a position, making a claim -supporting that position w/evidence, logical reasoning, and/or an appeal to emotion Why do we argue? - to get others to take our ideas seriously, to see that our ideas are plausible - to get others to consider a new way of thinking - to get others to accept or reject a claim - to get others to take action	8
9932868207	Evaluation	-writing that makes a judgment about something using clearly defined criteria Features: - description of the subject - clearly defined criteria - a fair assessment Why do we evaluate? - to judge what we should spend our time on.	9
9932888761	MASS	Modes Appeals Situation Style (Organization/Structure)	10
9932983096	Hasty Generalization	a general statement lacking enough evidence to support it; an exaggeration	11
9932995258	Circular Reasoning	reasoning which uses premise to prove the premise	12
9932999884	Red Herring	a distraction that sounds relevant but isn't	13
9933006756	Tu Quoque	charging your opponent with hypocrisy as a way to distract people from the issue at hand	14
9933015331	Causal Fallacy	a logical breakdown in trying to determine why something happened	15
9933019441	Sunk Cost	we should continue with a course of action because of the time we've already spent doing it	16
9933027832	Ad Hominem	an insult used as if it were evidence in support of a conclusion	17
9933033390	Straw Man	oversimplifying your opponent's position	18
9933040119	Appeal to Ignorance	using a lack of knowledge as a premise in an argument	19
9933051905	False Dilemma	limiting options to two when there are really more	20
9933057671	Slippery Slope	going to an improbable extreme in your reasoning	21
9933094010	Appeal to Authority	misleading use of the work of experts	22
9933101254	Equivocation	deliberate use of words or phrases to cause confusion; ambiguity	23
9933113129	Bandwagon	assuming that something is true, good, or right because others agree with it	24
9933121567	Appeal to Pity	appealing to emotions when emotions aren't relevant to the truth of falsity of the issue	25
9933181922	alliteration	repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence	26
9933230097	allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place or to a work of art	27
9933234895	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines	28
9933245121	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse order	29
9933246806	antithesis	opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction	30
9933250912	archaic diction	old fashioned or outdated choice of words	31
9933255621	asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	32
9933264949	cumulative sentence	sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	33
9933273360	hortative sentence	sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action	34
9933276505	imperative sentence	sentence used to command or enjoin	35
9933282050	inversion	inverted order of words in a sentence	36
9933284129	juxtaposition	placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences	37
9933289230	metaphor	figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as	38
9933294027	oxymoron	paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another	39
9933305588	parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	40
9933311193	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	41
9933318176	personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea	42
9933323711	rhetorical question	figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer	43
9933329556	synedoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole	44
9933333626	zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings	45