Chapter 1-4 "A People and A Nation" Flashcards

7483529093	three sisters	maize (corn), squash, beans	0
7483529094	Ancient America	11,500 years ago, Paleo-Indians: hunter-gatherers--> turned agricultural; traded with others but stayed independent; create other cultures; collapsed when reached limit of food supply	1
7483529095	Mesoamericans	4,000 years ago Olmecs: Yucatan Peninsula Teotihuacan and Mayas	2
7483529096	Teotihuacan	(MA) 300 BCE: one of largest urban areas in world; prized obsidian (for knives and mirrors), impressive pyramids and temple of Quetzalcoatl that attracted pilgrims	3
7483529097	Mayas	(MA): tall pyramids and temples; studied astronomy; created writing system; cities fought, lack of food: collapsed in 900 CE	4
7483529098	Pueblos (Hohokam and Mogollan)	combined hunter-gathering and agriculture; arid region, unpredictable rainfall kept them migrating; 900-1150 CE: built Great Houses; traded turquoise	5
7483529099	Missisipians	peak: 11-12 centuries CE; sun-worshippers (Cahokia: City of Sun) accurate calendar using woodhenge; Monks Mound= main pyramid; organized hierarchically; maize, squash, nuts, pumpkins, and venison for food	6
7483529100	Aztecs	twelfth century: settled on island city when saw symbol of Quetzalcoatl; Huitzilopochtli= primary god; Montezuma: chief; believed trade and land ownership was more valuable than gold of silver; strictly stratified society that was hereditary, consisting of warriors, merchants, priests, commoners, and slaves; conquered neighbors to sacrifice textiles, foodstuffs, and humans; believed in "Fifth Sun"; flowery wars= sacrificed humans	7
7483529101	North America in 1492	Algonian/Iroquoian were language groups; adopted nomadic, hunter-gatherer, or agricultural lifestyles depending on climates; feathered tobacco pipe was symbol of friendship	8
7483529102	Gender Division in North America	Women carried belongings and handled food and clothing; men hunted deer and buffalo; older youths learned skills from their same-sex parent; families could be matrilineal or patrilineal	9
7483529103	Iroquois vs Pueblos politics	Iroquois had political hierarchy while nomadic Pueblos had no ties between villages	10
7483529104	American religion	polytheistic; depending on focus on subsistence, favored one or the other god	11
7483529105	Berbers	Muslims in north along Mediterranean Sea	12
7483529106	Upper Guinea	Islamic; traded with Europe and West Asia: gave ivory, golf, and slaves for salt, dates, silk, and cotton cloth; Rice Coast= fished and cultivated rice in coastal swamplands; Grain Coast= thinly populated, farmed and raised livestock	13
7483529107	Lower Guinea	practiced traditional religion; villages composed of kin groups were linked into hierarchical kingdoms	14
7483529108	Complementary gender roles	women ruled women and men ruled men (in cults); could not reveal secrets to other sex	15
7483529109	women in Guinea	childcare, food preparation, manufacture, and trade	16
7483529110	men in Guinea	hunted, managed livestock, fished	17
7483529111	slavery in Guinea	slaves could be prisoners of war, criminals, or turn themselves in to pay for debt; slaves could hold positions, make a profit, or trade, but their masters could still trade them away	18
7483529112	European Gender, Work, and Politics	men dominated, did most of the fieldwork; women cared for children, household tasks, preserved food, milked cows, cared for poultry; children were tightly disciplined; Christianity was enforced, though it was getting pushed out of Jerusalem	19
7483529113	reasons for European exploration	plague and warfare, new trade routes, new technology, mercantilism?gold, spread Christianity	20
7483529114	Prince Henry the Navigator	Son of King John I of Portugal; supported Portugal's exploration and trade with Africa and Asia; invented/encouraged used of caravel and astrolabe; deathly afraid of water	21
7483529115	Christopher Columbus	Born in Genoa, Italy in 1451; experienced sailor and cartographer; searched for faster trade routes to India and China, other than one found in Marco Polo's journals; originally ashed Portuguese for sponsorship in 1484	22
7483529116	Columbus's Journey	set sail on 8/3/1492; ships were Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria; Columbus landed on Hispaniola and Cuba on 10/12/1492; would make 4 journeys to new world from 1492-1502, always thought he'd made it to Asia *never set foot on North America	23
7483529117	Columbus's reasons to explore	came in search of Gold and riches to ship back to Spain; spread Christianity (God) primarily Roman Catholicism with blessing of Pope Alexander VI; sought Glory by bringing samples back	24
7483529118	Conquistadors	Spanish explorers	25
7483529119	SE: De Soto	sails up the Mississippi River and explores Gulf of Mexico	26
7483529120	SE: De Leon	explores Florida and searches for the Fountain of Youth	27
7483529121	SE: Cortes	conquers he Aztecs in Mexico	28
7483529122	SE: Cabrillo	explores Colorado; tried to find gold; found Grand Canyon	29
7483529123	SE: Balboa	discovers Pacific Ocean	30
7483529124	SE: Pizarro	conquers the Incas in Peru	31
7483529125	who got rid of the Conquistadors?	King of Spain: Charles II (angry that Cortez and Pizzaro--two nobodies--more rich than him)	32
7483529126	SE: Ferdinand Magellan	died halfway around the world--men finished journey all round world	33
7483529127	SE: Amerigo Vespucci	found out that Columbus actually found Americas	34
7483529128	Portuguese Explorers (PE): Diaz	east coast of Africa and sails the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa)	35
7483529129	PE: de Gama	circumnavigates coast of Africa and explores India	36
7483529130	PE: Cabral	explores Brazil	37
7483529131	Treaty of Tordesillas 1494	Spain: controls North and South America except for Brazil; Portugal: controls all of Africa and islands in the Caribbean and Brazil	38
7483529132	Collapse of Spain	got rich, overpriced own goods, imported goods got cheaper, collapsed	39
7483529133	Columbian exchange	maize, beans, squash, cassava, and potatoes--> Europe livestock--> Americas	40
7483529134	smallpox and other diseases	smallpox, typhus, influenza, and malaria afflicted native peoples; natives peoples gave Europeans syphilis	41
7483529135	Sugar, horses, and tobacco	Europe wanted sugar and tobacco; natives wanted horses	42
7483529136	trade among Europeans and Indians	Europe needed furl Indians needed European goods (pots and knives); beavers wiped out, soil erosion	43
7483529137	Roanoke	English attempts to permanently settle 3 times-failed all 3 times because of hostile neighbors and lack of foodstuffs	44
7483529138	Contest between Spain and England	Queen Elizabeth I authorized Walter Raleigh to colonize North America so that they could trade with Indians and attack New Spain	45