AP Psychology - THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

9044607127	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
9044607128	Concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
9044607129	Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category	2
9044607130	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem	3
9044607131	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently	4
9044607132	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	5
9044607133	Creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
9044607134	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions	7
9044607135	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
9044607136	Mental Set	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
9044607137	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	10
9044607138	Representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information	11
9044607139	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
9044607140	Overconfidence	Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct	13
9044607141	Belief Perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
9044607142	Intuition	instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)	15
9044607143	Framing	the way an issue is posed	16
9044607144	Language	spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.	17
9044607145	Phoneme	(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound	18
9044607146	Morpheme	smallest meaningful language unit	19
9044607147	Grammar	a system of linguistic rules that enables communication	20
9044607148	Semantics	The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language	21
9044607149	Syntax	the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	22
9044607150	Babbling Stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.	23
9044607151	One-word Stage	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
9044607152	Two-word stage	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements	25
9044607153	Telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words	26
9044607154	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
9044607155	Noam Chomsky	American linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.	28
9044607156	B.F Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments	29
9044607157	Benjamin Whorf	Linguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought	30
9044652520	belief bias	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes making invalid conclusions	31