AP World History (complete) Flashcards

6741472388	Paleolithic Age	the Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence.	0
6741472389	Homo sapiens sapiens	the species of humanity that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic.	1
6741472390	Neolithic Age	the New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished.	2
6741472391	Neolithic revolution	the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.	3
6741472392	Hunting and gathering	means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization.	4
6741472393	Çatal Hüyük	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.	5
6741472394	Bronze Age	from 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing.	6
6741472395	Nomads	cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies.	7
6741472396	Shi Huangdi	first emperor of China; founder of Qin dynasty.	8
6741472397	Qin	dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) founded at the end of the Warring States period.	9
6741472398	Han	dynasty succeeding the Qin ruled from 202 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.	10
6741472399	Zhou	originally a vassal family of the Shang; possibly Turkic-speaking in origin; overthrew Shang and established 2nd Chinese dynasty (1122-256 B.C.E.).	11
6741472400	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; began during the reign of Shi Huangdi.	12
6741472401	Confucius	major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; sayings collected in Analects; philosophy based on the need for restoration of social order through the role of superior men. stateless societies: societies of varying sizes organized through kinship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states.	13
6741472402	Ifriqiya	Roman name for present-day Tunisia.	14
6741472403	Maghrib	Arabic term for northwestern Africa.	15
6741472404	Almohadis	a later puritanical Islamic reform movement among the Berbers of northwest Africa; also built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain.	16
6741472405	juula	Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa.	17
6741472406	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260.	18
6741472407	griots	professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire.	19
6741472408	Ibn Batuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world.	20
6741472409	Timbuktu	Niger River port city of Mali; had a famous Muslim university.	21
6741472410	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao.	22
6741472411	Hausa	peoples of northern Nigeria, formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions.	23
6741472412	Muhammad the Great	extended the boundaries of Songhay in the mid-16th century.	24
6741472413	Sharia	Islamic law, defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance.	25
6741472414	Zenj	Arabic term for the east African coast.	26
6741472415	Benin	powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) that came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century.	27
6741472416	demography	the study of population.	28
6741472417	demographic transition	shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population, first emerged in western Europe and United States in late 19th century.	29
6741472418	Kongo	large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Congo.	30
6741472419	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa.	31
6741472420	Hagia Sophia	great domed church constructed during reign of Justinian.	32
6741472421	Belisarius	(c. 505-565); one of Justinian's most important military commanders during the attempted reconquest of western Europe.	33
6741472422	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople.	34
6741472423	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom in Balkans; constant pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Basil II in 1014.	35
6741472424	icon	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians.	36
6741472425	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic.	37
6741472426	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century.	38
6741472427	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855.	39
6741472428	Kievan Rus'	the predecessor to modern Russia; a medieval state that existed from the end of the 9th to the middle of the 13th century; its territory spanned parts of modern Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia.	40
6741472429	Vladimir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity.	41
6741472430	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire.	42
6741472431	Yaroslav	(975-1054); Last great Kievan monarch; responsible for codification of laws, based on Byzantine codes.	43
6741472432	boyars	Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts.	44
6741472433	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.	45
6741472434	Axum	a state in the Ethiopian highlands; received influences from the Arabian peninsula; converted to Christianity.	46
6741472435	Ethiopia	kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in first century C.E.; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity.	47
6741472436	Sahara	desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa.	48
6741472437	Shintoism	religion of the early Japanese court; included the worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world.	49
6741472438	Teotihuacan	site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as many as 200,000.	50
6741472439	Maya	classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.	51
6741472440	Inca	group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create an empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire.	52
6741472441	Polynesia	islands contained in a rough triangle with its points at Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.	53
6741472442	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 C.E., promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic.	54
6741472443	Sui	dynasty succeeding the Han; grew from strong rulers in northern China; reunited China.	55
6741472444	Tang	dynasty succeeding the Sui in 618 C.E.	56
6741472445	Harsha	ruler who followed Guptas in India; briefly constructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 and 657 C.E.	57
6741472446	Rajput	regional military princes in India following the collapse of the Gupta Empire.	58
6741472447	Devi	mother goddess within Hinduism; devotion to her spread widely after the collapse of the Gupta and encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual.	59
6741472448	Islam	major world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally "submission"; based on prophecy of Muhammad.	60
6741472449	Diocletian	Roman emperor (284-305 C.E.); restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.	61
6741472450	Constantine	Roman emperor (321-337 C.E.); established his capital at Constantinople; used Christianity to unify the empire.	62
6741472451	Byzantine Empire	eastern half of the Roman Empire; survived until 1453; retained Mediterranean, especially Hellenistic, culture.	63
6741472452	Augustine (Saint)	North African Christian theologian; made major contributions in incorporating elements of classical philosophy into Christianity.	64
6741472453	Coptic	Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover.	65
6741472454	Mahayana	version of Buddhism popular in China; emphasized Buddha's role as a savior.	66
6741472455	Bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men who refused advance toward nirvana to receive prayers of the living to help them reach holiness.	67
6741472456	Jesus of Nazareth	prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 C.E.	68
6741472457	Paul	one of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church.	69
6741472458	Pope	Bishop of Rome; head of the Catholic church in western Europe. Council of Nicaea: Christian council that met in 325 C.E. to determine orthodoxy with respect to the	70
6741472459	Trinity; insisted on divinity of all persons of the Trinity.		71
6741472460	Benedict of Nursia	founder of monasticism in the former western half of the Roman Empire; established the Benedictine rule in the 6th century.	72
6741472461	Civilization	societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups.	73
6741472462	Mesopotamia	literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris Euphrates river valleys.	74
6741472463	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into citystates.	75
6741472464	Cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	76
6741472465	Ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections.	77
6741472466	City-state	a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based king.	78
6741472467	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	79
6741472468	Hammurabi	the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law.	80
6741472469	Pharaoh	the term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs.	81
6741472470	Pyramids	monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	82
6741472471	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	83
6741472472	Indus River	river sources in Himalayas to mouth of Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.	84
6741472473	Harappa	along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	85
6741472474	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.	86
6741472475	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	87
6741472476	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form.	88
6741472477	Ramayana	one of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife,	89
6741472478	Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E.		90
6741472479	Upanishads	later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	91
6741472480	Yellow River	also known as the Huanghe; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China.	92
6741472481	Ideographs	pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.	93
6741472482	Shang	first Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E.	94
6741472483	Olmecs	people of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 B.C.E.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.	95
6741472484	Chavín de Huanter	Chavín culture appeared in the highlands of the Andes between 1800 and 1200 B.C.E.; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavín de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.	96
6741472485	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.	97
6741472486	Monotheism	the exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization.	98
6741472487	Buddha	creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things.	99
6741472488	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	100
6741472489	Himalayas	mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent.	101
6741472490	monsoons	seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.	102
6741472491	Sanskrit	the classical and sacred Indian language.	103
6741472492	Varnas	clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.	104
6741472493	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.	105
6741472494	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization.	106
6741472495	Mauryan	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great.	107
6741472496	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhismand sponsored its spread throughout his empire.	108
6741472497	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform their occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.	109
6741472498	Guptas	dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.	110
6741472499	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise.	111
6741472500	gurus	originally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.	112
6741472501	Vishnu	the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.	113
6741472502	Shiva	Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.	114
6741472503	reincarnation	the successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives.	115
6741472504	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.	116
6741472505	Kamasutra	written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.	117
6741472506	stupas	stone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.	118
6741472507	scholar-gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	119
6741472508	lateen	triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms; which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship.	120
6741472509	al-Mahdi	third Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem.	121
6741472510	Harun al-Rashid	most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights.	122
6741472511	Buyids	Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad; and as sultans, throughAbbasid figureheads.	123
6741472512	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th centuryin the name of the Abbasids.	124
6741472513	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291.	125
6741472514	Saadin	(1137-1193); Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms.	126
6741472515	Ibn Khaldun	great Muslim historian; author of The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynastic history.	127
6741472516	Shah-Nama	epic poem written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; recounts the history of Persia to the era of Islamic conquests.	128
6741472517	ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking.	129
6741472518	al-Ghazali	brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions.	130
6741472519	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph.	131
6741472520	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms.	132
6741472521	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan; continued his work, taking Baghdad in 1258.	133
6741472522	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt, descended from Turkish slaves.	134
6741472523	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire.	135
6741472524	Mahmud of Ghazni	ruler of an Afghan dynasty; invaded northern India during the 11th century.	136
6741472525	Muhammad of Ghur	Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom; invaded and conquered much of northern India.	137
6741472526	Qutb-ud- din Aibak	lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi.	138
6741472527	bhaktic cults	Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses—especially Shiva, Vishnu, and Kali.	139
6741472528	Mir Bai	low-caste woman poet and songwriter in bhaktic cults.	140
6741472529	Kabir	15th-century Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam.	141
6741472530	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam.	142
6741472531	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.	143
6741472532	Demak	most powerful of the trading states on the north Java coast; converted to Islam and served as a dissemination point to other regions.	144
6741472533	Cyrus the Great	(c. 576 or 590-529 B.C.E.); founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires.	145
6741472534	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; a last judgment decided the eternal fate of each person.	146
6741472535	Olympic Games	one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek citystates; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations.	147
6741472536	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire.	148
6741472537	Peloponnesian War	war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece.	149
6741472538	Philip of Macedonia	ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece.	150
6741472539	Hellenistic	culture associated with the spread of Greek influence and intermixture with other cultures as a result of Macedonian conquests.	151
6741472540	Roman Republic	the balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies.	152
6741472541	Punic Wars	three wars (264-146 B.C.E.) between Rome and the Carthaginians; saw the transformation of Rome from a land to a sea power.	153
6741472542	Carthage	founded by the Phoenicians in Tunisia; became a major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans.	154
6741472543	Hannibal	Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome.	155
6741472544	Julius Caesar	general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators.	156
6741472545	Caesar Augustus	(63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome.	157
6741472546	Diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.	158
6741472547	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually.	159
6741472548	Polis	city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E.	160
6741472549	Direct democracy	literally, rule of the people—in Athens, it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives.	161
6741472550	Senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution.	162
6741472551	Consuls	two chief executives of the Roman republic; elected annually by the assembly dominated by the aristocracy.	163
6741472552	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; taught that knowledge was based upon observation of phenomena in material world.	164
6741472553	Cicero	conservative senator and Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day.	165
6741472554	Stoics	Hellenistic philosophers; they emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery.	166
6741472555	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection in moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young.	167
6741472556	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex.	168
6741472557	Iliad and Odyssey	Greek epic poems attributed to Homer; defined relations of gods and humans that shaped Greek mythology.	169
6741472558	Doric, Ionic, Corinthian	three distinct styles of Hellenic architecture; listed in order of increasing ornate quality.	170
6741472559	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.	171
6741472560	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.	172
6741472561	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	173
6741472562	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.	174
6741472563	Quaraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E.	175
6741472564	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship.	176
6741472565	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar.	177
6741472566	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh.	178
6741472567	Khadijah	the wife of Muhammad.	179
6741472568	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam.	180
6741472569	Ali	cousin and son-in- law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism.	181
6741472570	umma	community of the faithful within Islam.	182
6741472571	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims.	183
6741472572	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	184
6741472573	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	185
6741472574	hajj	a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	186
6741472575	caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.	187
6741472576	Ridda wars	wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam.	188
6741472577	jihads	Islamic holy war.	189
6741472578	Copts, Nestorians	Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims.	190
6741472579	Uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali.	191
6741472580	Battle of Siffin	battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party.	192
6741472581	Mu'awiya	first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus.	193
6741472582	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.	194
6741472583	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.	195
6741472584	Karbala	site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.	196
6741472585	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	197
6741472586	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam.	198
6741472587	jizya	head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands.	199
6741472588	dhimmis	"the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.	200
6741472589	hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam.	201
6741472590	Abbasid	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad.	202
6741472591	Battle of the River Zab	750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy.	203
6741472592	Baghdad	Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	204
6741472593	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids.	205
6741472594	dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants.	206
6741472595	ayan	the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids.	207
6741472596	Indians	misnomer created by Columbus when referring to indigenous New World peoples; still used to describe Native Americans.	208
6741472597	Toltec culture	succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strong militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.	209
6741472598	Topiltzin	religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in 10th century; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula.	210
6741472599	Quetzalcoatl	Toltec deity; feathered serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god.	211
6741472600	Tenochtitlan	founded circa 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power.	212
6741472601	Tlaloc	major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain.	213
6741472602	Huitcilopochtli	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god.	214
6741472603	Nezhualcoyotl	leading Aztec king of the 15th century.	215
6741472604	chinampas	beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture used by Aztecs.	216
6741472605	pochteca	merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in longdistance trade in luxury items.	217
6741472606	calpulli	clans in Aztec society; evolved into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.	218
6741472607	Pachacuti	Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation ofan Inca empire.	219
6741472608	ayllus	households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from a common, sometimes mythical ancestor.	220
6741472609	Twantinsuyu	Inca word for their empire; region from Colombia to Chile and eastward into Bolivia and Argentina.	221
6741472610	split inheritance	Inca practice of ruler descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of dead Inca's mummy.	222
6741472611	Temple of the Sun	Inca religious center at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas.	223
6741472612	tambos	way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages.	224
6741472613	mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	225
6741472614	Inca socialism	an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.	226
6741472615	yanas	a class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility.	227
6741472616	quipu	system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records.	228
6741472617	Zheng He	Muslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the India Ocean.	229
6741472618	Renaissance	cultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages.	230
6741472619	Francesco Petrarch	Italian author and humanist; a major literary figure of the Renaissance.	231
6741472620	Castile and Aragon	regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from	232
6741472621	Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.		233
6741472622	Vivaldi	Genoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the "Indies"; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic.	234
6741472623	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.	235
6741472624	Tale of Genji	written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society.	236
6741472625	Fujiwara	mid-9th- century Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.	237
6741472626	bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies.	238
6741472627	samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor.	239
6741472628	seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor.	240
6741472629	Taira	powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars.	241
6741472630	Minamoto	defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan.	242
6741472631	Gempei wars	waged for five years from 1180 on Honshu between the Taira and Minamoto families; ended in destruction of Taira.	243
6741472632	bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gumpei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai. shoguns: military leaders of the bakufu.	244
6741472633	Hojo	a warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor.	245
6741472634	Ashikaga Takuaji	member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.	246
6741472635	Ashikaga Shogunate	replaced the Kamakura regime and ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority.	247
6741472636	daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga	248
6741472637	shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states.		249
6741472638	Choson	earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han in 109 B.C.E.	250
6741472639	Koguryo	tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification.	251
6741472640	Silla	Korean kingdom in southeast; became a vassal of the Tang and paid tribute; ruled Korea from 668.	252
6741472641	Paekche	independent Korean kingdom in southwestern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century.	253
6741472642	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions.	254
6741472643	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence.	255
6741472644	Khmers	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi.	256
6741472645	Trung sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society.	257
6741472646	Chams	Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south.	258
6741472647	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi.	259
6741472648	Trinh	dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south.	260
6741472649	Factories	trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans.	261
6741472650	El Mina	important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana.	262
6741472651	Nzinga Mvemba	ruler of the Kongo kingdom (1507-1543); converted to Christianity; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.	263
6741472652	Luanda	Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola.	264
6741472653	Royal African Company	chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.	265
6741472654	Indies piece	a unit in the complex exchange system of the west African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave.	266
6741472655	triangular trade	complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa.	267
6741472656	Asante	Akan state among the Akan people of Ghana and centered at Kumasi.	268
6741472657	Osei Tutu	important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante.	269
6741472658	Asantehene	title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante.	270
6741472659	Benin	African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; famous for its bronze casting techniques.	271
6741472660	Dahomey	African state among the Fon peoples; developed in the 17th century centered at	272
6741472661	Abomey; became a major slave trading state through utilization of Western firearms.		273
6741472662	Luo	Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties in the lakes region of central Africa.	274
6741472663	Usuman Dan Fodio	Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa.	275
6741472664	Great Trek	movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.	276
6741472665	Shaka	ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state.	277
6741472666	Mfecane	wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization. Swazi and Lesotho: African states formed by people reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane.	278
6741472667	Middle Passage	slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience.	279
6741472668	Saltwater slaves	name given to slaves born in Africa; distinguished from American-born descendants, the creoles.	280
6741472669	obeah	African religious practices in the British American islands.	281
6741472670	candomble	African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba.	282
6741472671	vodun	African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.	283
6741472672	Palmares	Angolan-led, large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil.	284
6741472673	Surinam Maroons	descendants of 18th-century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana.	285