AP Language Flashcards

AP Lang

9102463647	Audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences.	0
9102483822	Concession	An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	1
9102517951	Connotation	meaning or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary, or denotation.	2
9102548069	context	the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text	3
9102558414	counterargument	an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	4
9102572061	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic.	5
9102584041	logos	Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	6
9102608217	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	7
9102615405	pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience.	8
9102625502	persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	9
9102632907	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others.	10
9102646077	propaganda	the spread of ideas and information to further a cause. in its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause	11
9102668948	purpose	the goal the speaker wants to achieve.	12
9102677366	refutation	a denial of validity of an opposing argument.	13
9102686434	rhetoric	the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.	14
9102695792	rhetoric appeals	rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling.	15
9102712786	rhetorical triangle	a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	16
9102725497	SOAPS	subject, occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker	17
9102732076	speaker	the person or group who creates a text.	18
9102735877	subjec	the topic of a text	19
9102738640	text	any cultural product that can be read.	20
9102748404	alliteration	repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence.	21
9102760489	allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place, or to a work of art.	22
9102769143	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	23
9102781880	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse order.	24
9102787344	antithesis	opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a parallel construction	25
9102796542	archaic diction	old-fashion or outdated choice of words	26
9102802090	asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	27
9102818784	cumulative sentences	sentences that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.	28
9102833180	hortative sentence	sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action	29
9102850076	imperative sentence	sentence used to command to enjoin	30
9102854602	inversion	inverted order of words in a sentence	31
9102857410	juxtaposition	placement of two things without using like or as	32
9102861694	oxymoron	paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another	33
9102869429	parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	34
9102884824	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	35
9102893086	personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object of an idea.	36
9102903826	rhetorical question	figure of speech in the form or a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	37
9102918101	synedoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole	38
9102926322	zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous meanings.	39
9102957385	ad hominem	diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.	40
9102975257	ad populum (bandwagon)	fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do"	41
9102991573	appeal to false authority	fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.	42
9103000557	argument	a process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.	43
9103016565	assumption	expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	44
9103034868	backing	backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority	45
9103056500	begging the question	a fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt	46
9103063036	circular reasoning	a fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	47
9103081190	claim (assertion/ proposition)	a claim that states the argument's main idea or position.	48
9103094650	claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true	49
9103101480	claim of policy	proposes a change	50
9103104256	claim of value	argues that something s good, bad, right, or wrong	51
9103113261	classical oration	five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians.	52
9103126355	closed thesis	a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make	53
9103137243	deduction	a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case	54
9103159757	false dilemma	a fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	55
9103186761	faulty analogy	a fallacy that occur when an analogy compares two thing that are not comparable	56
9103201269	first hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events	57
9103220791	hasty generalization	a fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence	58
9103285275	induction	a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called generalization	59
9103318009	logical fallacy	logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument	60
9103330805	open thesis	one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay	61
9103341440	post hoc ergo propter hoc	after which therefore because of which	62
9103344970	qualifier	uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.	63
9103358119	quantitative evidence	includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, otherwise represented in numbers	64
9103370488	rebuttal	gives voice to possible objections	65
9103375183	reservation	explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier	66
9103382623	rogerian arguments	based on assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating	67
9103400783	second hand evidence	evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation.	68
9103408693	straw man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea	69
9103424800	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion	70
9103435319	Toulmin Model	A approach to analyzing and constructing arguments	71
9103443641	Warrant	expresses the assumption a necesarily by the speaker and the audience	72