AP Psychology Unit 7B - Cognition - Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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4835448584	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
4835448585	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
4835448586	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category.	2
4835448587	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.	3
4835448588	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
4835448589	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	5
4835448590	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.	6
4835448591	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	7
4835448592	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.	8
4835448593	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	9
4835448594	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	10
4835448595	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	11
4835448596	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	12
4835448597	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.	13
4835448598	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	14
4835448599	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.	15
4835448600	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	16
4835448601	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	17
4835448602	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	18
4835448603	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).	19
4835448604	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	20
4835448605	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.	21
4835448606	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	22
4835448607	babbling stage	babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo	23
4835448608	one-word stage	the stage in which children speak mainly in single words	24
4835448609	two-word stage	they start uttering two word sentences	25
4835448610	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	26
4835448611	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	27