ap psychology Flashcards
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| 5893686146 | psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes |  | 0 |
| 5893703310 | nature vs nurture | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience mat to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |  | 1 |
| 5893756457 | natural selection (Darwin) | Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest |  | 2 |
| 5893816520 | biopsychosocial | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psych, and social-cultural levels of analysis |  | 3 |
| 5893851986 | schools of thought approaches | behavioral, biological, cognitive, evolutionary, psycho-dynamic, social-cultural | 4 | |
| 5893895197 | psychometrics | The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. |  | 5 |
| 5893939284 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base s/a educational, developmental, personality, cognitive |  | 6 |
| 5893958697 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |  | 7 |
| 5893969353 | counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. |  | 8 |
| 5893976807 | clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders (more severe) ex. bipolar |  | 9 |
| 5893989516 | clinical psychiatry psychiatrists | meds, treat and provide therapy to patients with disorders (like a medical doctor) |  | 10 |
| 5894036701 | positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |  | 11 |
| 5894042527 | community psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups |  | 12 |
| 5894049747 | empiricism | noun: any method that derives knowledge from experience, used in experimental science as a way to gain insight and knowledge |  | 13 |
| 5894065886 | structuralism | An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. (Titchener and Windt) |  | 14 |
| 5894103820 | introspection | A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings (relating to senses) |  | 15 |
| 5894110823 | functionalism | A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. psychologist = William James |  | 16 |
| 5894129022 | Who was Mary Whiton Calkins | William James' student, who was denied a Harvard degree she rightfully earned. She became the first APA president. |  | 17 |
| 5894133836 | Who was Margaret Floy Washburn | First woman to earn a PhD in Psychology. Wrote a comparative psychology text called The Animal Mind, which compared animals to humans. |  | 18 |
| 5894142904 | experimental psychologist | the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method |  | 19 |
| 5894148748 | Hindsight bias (knew-it-all along) | the tendency, after an event occurs, to overestimate the likelihood that an event could have been predicted |  | 20 |
| 5894161416 | overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments. |  | 21 |
| 5894168731 | random event | has no predetermined pattern or bias toward one outcome or another |  | 22 |
| 5894176683 | confirmation bias | The tendency to seek information that supports one's decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information. |  | 23 |
| 5894182755 | theory | An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |  | 24 |
| 5894187075 | hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |  | 25 |
| 5894192105 | operational definition | a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study |  | 26 |
| 5894212012 | replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. |  | 27 |
| 5894219781 | case study | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |  | 28 |
| 5894237382 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |  | 29 |
| 5894242008 | survey | A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. |  | 30 |
| 5894246711 | false consensus | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |  | 31 |
| 5894265457 | sampling bias | A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn. (only pick those who prove theory) |  | 32 |
| 5894270934 | population | all those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn |  | 33 |
| 5894285138 | random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |  | 34 |
| 5894321344 | representative sample | take the results from a smaller group and apply that to a larger group of people |  | 35 |
| 5894330860 | stratified sample | A sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population. |  | 36 |
| 5894399865 | longitudinal | a repeated measure of study, the same subject over a period of time |  | 37 |
| 5894419590 | cross-sectional | type of study that measures a variable across several age groups at the same time |  | 38 |
| 5894425181 | cohort sequential | Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal to correct for cohort effect |  | 39 |
| 5894428489 | meta analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |  | 40 |
| 5894437566 | correlate | v. To put in some relation of connection or correspondence. |  | 41 |
| 5894443089 | correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) |  | 42 |
| 5894446512 | scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. |  | 43 |
| 5894451399 | perfect positive | +1.0 |  | 44 |
| 5894506860 | perfect negative correlation | -1 |  | 45 |
| 5894538401 | non-correlation | no correlation |  | 46 |
| 5894543372 | illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists |  | 47 |
| 5894546435 | experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |  | 48 |
| 5894572389 | random selection | randomly selecting the sample group, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population |  | 49 |
| 5894579263 | independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |  | 50 |
| 5894583753 | dependent variable | The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. |  | 51 |
| 5894588904 | confounding variable | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment |  | 52 |
| 5894593758 | quasi experement | randomized controlled trial lacks random assignment to treatment or control | 53 | |
| 5894605393 | experimental group | In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |  | 54 |
| 5894616864 | control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |  | 55 |
| 5894623430 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | | 56 |
| 5894632667 | single-blind procedure | research design in which participants don't know whether they are in the experimental or control group |  | 57 |
| 5894648279 | double blind procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |  | 58 |
| 5894650904 | placebo | A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect. |  | 59 |
| 5894655512 | researcher bias | Occurs when a researcher influences the results of a study ex. Clever Hans |  | 60 |
| 5894664705 | participant bias | a tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed, or they believe they know what the researcher wants |  | 61 |
| 5894676987 | descriptive statistics | general set of procedures used to summarize, condense, and describe sets of data |  | 62 |
| 5894705050 | histogram | bar graph depicting a frequency distributor |  | 63 |
| 5894796792 | measures of central tendency | mean, median, mode | 64 | |
| 5894800472 | skewed distribution | a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value |  | 65 |
| 5894809905 | measures of variation | A measure used to describe the distribution of data |  | 66 |
| 5894813788 | standard deviation | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. |  | 67 |