AP World History Review Flashcards

9476072324	paleolithic age	age of use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	0
9476072325	homo sapiens sapiens	the human species that emerfed as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period	1
9476072326	neolithic age	age of use of adaptation of sedentary architecture; domestication of animals and plants	2
9476072327	neolithic revolution	succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture	3
9476072328	hunting and gathering	means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture	4
9476072329	bronze age	age when bronze tools were first introduced to the middle east	5
9476072330	slash and burn agriculture	a system of cultivation when forest floors cleared by fire are planted	6
9476072331	bands	a group of nomadic hunters consisting of 20 to 30 people	7
9476072332	Çatal Hüyük	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture	8
9476072333	civilization	societies distinguished by sedentary agriculture, production of food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites	9
9476072334	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	10
9476072335	nomads	cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies	11
9476072336	Mesopotamia	the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	12
9476072337	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia and organized the first civilization there and and created city-states	13
9476072338	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	14
9476072339	city-states	a form of Mesopotamian political organizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based kings	15
9476072340	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia; collapsed during foreign invasion	16
9476072341	Hammurabi	the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law	17
9476072342	pharoah	title of kings of ancient Egypt	18
9476072343	pyramids	monumental architecture in Egypt used to bury pharoahs	19
9476072344	Kush	an African states created on the upper Nile that conquered and ruled Egypt for centuries	20
9476072345	Indus River Valley	location of Harappan civilization	21
9476072346	Harappa	along with Mohenjo-daro major urban complex of the Harappan civilization	22
9476072347	Mohenjo-daro	a major urban complex of Harappan civilization; along with Harappa	23
9476072348	Huanghe (Yellow) River	site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	24
9476072349	ideographic writing	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts	25
9476072350	Shang	first Chinese dynasty	26
9476072351	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization that established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	27
9476072352	mandate of heaven	the divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers	28
9476072353	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god	29
9476072354	Daoism	philosophy that stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force	30
9476072355	Qin	dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period after the Zhou dynasty	31
9476072356	Shi Huangdi	founder of the brief Qin dynasty	32
9476072357	Zhou	vassal family of Shang China that overthrew Shang and established second dynasty of China	33
9476072358	Confucius	founded philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	34
9476072359	Great Wall	Chinese construction meant to keep out nomadic invaders; initiated during the Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi	35
9476072360	Han	dynasty that ruled after the Qin for 400 years	36
9476072361	Silk Roads	trading route established by pastoral nomads that connected Europe, India, and China and transmitted goods and ideas throughout the civilizations	37
9476072362	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures	38
9476072363	monsoon	seasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rains during summer	39
9476072364	Aryan	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society	40
9476072365	sanskrit	the sacred and classical Indian language	41
9476072366	vedas	aryan hymns written down in sacred books	42
9476072367	untouchables	lowest caste in Indian society who performed undesirable tasks	43
9476072368	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans	44
9476072369	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of Maurya dynasty; first centralized government since Harappan civilaization	45
9476072370	Mauryan dynasty	dynasty established in India established after Alexander's invasion	46
9476072371	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout the empire	47
9476072372	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth	48
9476072373	Kushans	dynasty after the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism	49
9476072374	Guptas	dynasty after the Kushans; less centralized than the Mauryan empire	50
9476072375	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; believed in scientific application of warfare	51
9476072376	gurus	Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of Guptas	52
9476072377	Vishnu	the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice	53
9476072378	Shiva	the Brahman, later Hindu, god destruction and reproduction	54
9476072379	reincarnation	the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives	55
9476072380	Buddha	creater of Buddhism; taught that enlightenment could only be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things	56
9476072381	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment	57
9476072382	stupas	stone shrines built to house possessions of the Buddha	58
9476072383	Cyrus the Great	established massive Persian empire	59
9476072384	zoroastrianism	animist religion that saw material existence as battle between good and evil; stressed moral choice; chief religion of Persian empire	60
9476072385	olympic games	one of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all of Greece; involved athletic competitions and rituals	61
9476072386	Pericles	Athenian political leader that guided the development of Athens during the Peloponnesian wars	62
9476072387	Peloponnesian Wars	wars between Athens and Sparta over dominance of southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but did not achieve political unification of Greece	63
9476072388	Philip II of Macedon	founder of centralized kingdom of Macedon; conquered Greece; father of Alexander	64
9476072389	Hellenistic Period	culture associated with Greek influence due to Macedonian conquests; combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	65
9476072390	Alexandria	Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterraneans largest library	66
9476072391	Roman republic	balanced constitution of Rome; featured a senate, magistrates, and other assemblies	67
9476072392	Punic Wars	fought between Rome and Carthage over dominance in western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	68
9476072393	Carthage	a major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought in Punic Wars against Rome	69
9476072394	Hannibal	Great Carthiginian general during Second Punic War; failed to conquer Rome	70
9476072395	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; came back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated by conservative senators	71
9476072396	Augustus Caesar	first emperor of Rome; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra	72
9476072397	Diocletian	Roman emperor who restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection	73
9476072398	Constantine	Roman emperor who established 2nd capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unify empire	74
9476072399	polis	city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization	75
9476072400	direct democracy	rule of the people; all decisions came from popular assembly without intervention of elected officials	76
9476072401	senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic	77
9476072402	consuls	two chief executives/magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	78
9476072403	Cicero	conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; a great orator	79
9476072404	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	80
9476072405	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosopher; emphasized inner moral independence by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	81
9476072406	Socrates	Athenian philosopher; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions	82
9476072407	Plato	Greek philosopher; considered ideal forms outside material world; proposed form of government based on abstract principles	83
9476072408	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; (Oedipus series)	84
9476072409	Doric	least ornate of the three Hellenistic architectural styles	85
9476072410	Ionic	moderate style of Hellenistic architecture	86
9476072411	Corinthian	the most ornate style of Hellenistic architecture	87
9476072412	Axum	kingdom in the Ethiopian highlands; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; first empire to convert to Christianity	88
9476072413	Ethiopia	Christian kingdom; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion in Africa	89
9476072414	Sahara	desert running across northern Africa that separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa	90
9476072415	Shintoism	religion of early Japanese culture; worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world	91
9476072416	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic	92
9476072417	Sui	dynasty after the Han; united northern China and conquered southern China	93
9476072418	Tang	dynasty after and more stable than the Sui	94
9476072419	Rajput	regional princes in India following collapse of empire; emphasized military control of their regions	95
9476072420	Devi	mother goddess in Hinduism; encouraged emotionalism in religious ritual	96
9476072421	islam	major world religion from the Arabian peninsula	97
9476072422	Allah	supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	98
9476072423	Byzantine empire	eastern half of Roman empire after the collapse of the old western empire; capital at Constantinople	99
9476072424	Justinian	eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore unity of old Roman empire; responsible for the Hagia Sofia	100
9476072425	Augustine	influential church father and theologian born in Africa	101
9476072426	Copts	Christian sects of Egypt	102
9476072427	Jesus	prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah	103
9476072428	Paul	one of the first Christian missionaries; ignored insistence that the new religion should follow Jewish law	104
9476072429	pope	bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe	105
9476072430	Benedict	founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman empire	106
9476072431	animism	a religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and uses them to help explain nature	107
9476072432	Muslims	followers of islam	108
9476072433	Muhammad	the prophet of Islam	109
9476072434	Qu'ran	the holy book of Islam	110
9476072435	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula	111
9476072436	shaykhs	tribal leaders of the bedouin	112
9476072437	Mecca	the holy city of Islam	113
9476072438	Umayyad	clan of quraysh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; later established a dynasty as the rulers of Islam	114
9476072439	Quraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca	115
9476072440	Medina	became refuge for Muhammad after flight from Mecca (hijra)	116
9476072441	Khadijah	the first wife of Muhammad	117
9476072442	Ali	the son-in-law/cousin of Muhammad; orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	118
9476072443	umma	community of the faithful within Islam	119
9476072444	zakat	tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	120
9476072445	five pillars	obligatory religious duties for all Muslims	121
9476072446	Ramadan	Islamic holy month; fasting is observed	122
9476072447	hajj	the pilgrimage to Mecca obligatory for all Muslims	123
9476072448	caliph	successors to Muhammad	124
9476072449	abu bakr	one of Muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of Islamic community	125
9476072450	Ridda Wars	wars after Muhammad's death; defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	126
9476072451	jihad	Islamic holy war	127
9476072452	Nestorians	Christian sects found in southeast Asia	128
9476072453	uthman	third caliph and member of Umayyad clan	129
9476072454	Battle of Siffin	fought between Ali and the Umayyads	130
9476072455	mu'awiya	leader of Umayyad clan	131
9476072456	sunnis	followers of the Umayyads	132
9476072457	shi'a	followers of Ali	133
9476072458	karbala	site of defeat and death of Ali's son Hulayu	134
9476072459	Damascus	Syrian city that was the Umayyad capital	135
9476072460	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	136
9476072461	jizya	head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories	137
9476072462	dhimmi	Jews and Christians in Islamic territories	138
9476072463	hadiths	traditions of the prophet Muhammad	139
9476072464	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads	140
9476072465	Battle on the River Zab	Abbasid victory against the Umayyads when the Abbasids captured Syria	141
9476072466	Baghdad	capital of the Abbasid empire	142
9476072467	wazir	chief administrative official under Abbasid caliphate	143
9476072468	dhows	Arab sailing vessels that strongly influenced European ship design	144
9476072469	ayan	the wealthy elite during Abbasid rule	145
9476072470	al-mahdi	third of the Abbasid caliphs; tried but failed to attract moderate Shi'a	146
9476072471	harun al-rashid	Abbasif caliph renowned for costly living; death led to civil wars over succession	147
9476072472	buyids	regional splinter dynasty that captured and invaded Baghdad and ruled the Abbasid empire under the name Sultan	148
9476072473	seljuk turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis	149
9476072474	crusades	series of military adventures launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims	150
9476072475	Saladin	Muslim leader towards the end of the 12th century	151
9476072476	Ottoman empire	turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East	152
9476072477	shah-nama	written by Firdawsi; relates history of Persian to Islamic conquests	153
9476072478	ulama	orthodox religious scholars within Islam	154
9476072479	al-Ghazali	Islamic theologian who tried to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions	155
9476072480	mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; killed last Abbasid caliph	156
9476072481	chinggis khan	mongol khagan responsible for conquests of northern China and territories as far west as the Abbasid empire	157
9476072482	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan; ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Baghdad	158
9476072483	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors who defeated the mongols and halted their advance	159
9476072484	Muhammad Ibn Qasim	arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared Sind and Indus valley part of the Umayyad empire	160
9476072485	Mahmud of Ghazni	third ruler of turkish slave dynasty; gave muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	161
9476072486	Muhammad of Ghur	military commander of Persian extraction; began attempt to establish Muslim control in India	162
9476072487	Qutb-Ud-Din Aibak	lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at New Delhi and declared himself Sultan of India	163
9476072488	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods(esses); stressed importance of strong bonds between devotees and the god/ess who was the subject of their veneration	164
9476072489	Mira Bai	Hindu religious poet; showed women the openness of bhaktic cults	165
9476072490	Kabir	Muslim mystic; played down importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	166
9476072491	Shrivijaya	trading empire between Malaya and Sumatra; Buddhist government; its demise opened southeast Asia to Islam	167
9476072492	Malacca	portuguese factory that was a center for trade amongst southeastern Asian islands	168
9476072493	Demak	most powerful trading state on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other parts of Asia	169
9476072494	Ifriqiya	Arabic term for eastern north africa	170
9476072495	Maghrib	Arabic term for western North Africa	171
9476072496	Almoravids	puritanical reformist movement among Islamic Berber tribes of north Africa	172
9476072497	Almohadis	Islamic Berber movement that penetrated sub-Saharan Africa	173
9476072498	Sahel	extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara	174
9476072499	Sudanic states	kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; included Mali and Songhai	175
9476072500	juula	Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire	176
9476072501	Sundiata	member of the Keita clan; created the Mali empire	177
9476072502	Ibn Batuta	Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	178
9476072503	Timbuktu	port city of Mali; contained a library and a university	179
9476072504	Songhai	successor state to Mali; capital at Gao	180
9476072505	Muhammad the Great	extended the boundaries of the Songhai empire	181
9476072506	Hausa	people of northern Nigeria who foremed states after the demise of Songhai; combined Islamic and pagan traditions	182
9476072507	sharia	Islamic law	183
9476072508	Nok	culture featuring highly developed art style in forests of central Nigeria	184
9476072509	Yoruba	city-state in northern Nigeria featured artistic style, agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling families and aristocracy	185
9476072510	Benin	powerful city-state in present day Nigeria and remained relatively free European influence	186
9476072511	Kongo	agricultural kingdom on lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo and ruled by hereditary monarchy	187
9476072512	Great Zimbabwe	Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers	188
9476072513	Hagia Sofia	new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian	189
9476072514	Belisarius	one of Justinian's most important military commanders during reconquest of western Europe	190
9476072515	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon used to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople	191
9476072516	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire	192
9476072517	iconoclasm	religions controversy within the Byzantine Empire (emperor tried to suppress veneration of icons)	193
9476072518	Cyril	missionary from Byzantine Empire who converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for Cyrillic	194
9476072519	Methodius	along with Cyril converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity	195
9476072520	Kiev	trade city and capital in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders	196
9476072521	Rurik	Scandinavian regarded as founder of first kingdom of Russia in Kiev	197
9476072522	Vladimir I	ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev who converted it to Christianity	198
9476072523	Russian orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire	199
9476072524	Yaroslav	last of Kievan monarchs who issued legal codification based on codes from Byzantine empire	200
9476072525	boyars	Russian aristocrats	201
9476072526	tatars	mongols who captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kieven state	202
9476072527	middle ages	period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman empire until the 15th century	203
9476072528	vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe	204
9476072529	manorialism	system that described economic/political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages	205
9476072530	serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages	206
9476072531	moldboard	heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the middle ages	207
9476072532	three-field system	system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe	208
9476072533	Clovis	early Frankish king who converted Franks to Christianity	209
9476072534	Carolingians	royal house of Franks	210
9476072535	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks who defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours and ended Muslim threat to western Europe	211
9476072536	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France in Germany	212
9476072537	holy Roman emperors	emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire	213
9476072538	feudalism	social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiances and promises of loyal service	214
9476072539	vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	215
9476072540	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy; extended feudalism to England; established centralized monarchy	216
9476072541	Magna Carta	great charter issued by King John that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims	217
9476072542	parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups	218
9476072543	key three estates	church, nobles, and urban leaders	219
9476072544	hundred years' war	conflict between England and France over lands England possessed in France	220
9476072545	Pope Urban II	called the first crusade	221
9476072546	Pope Gregory VII	pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords	222
9476072547	investiture	practice of state appointment of bishops	223
9476072548	Peter Abelard	university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology	224
9476072549	Bernard of Claireveaux	emphasized role of faith in preference to logic	225
9476072550	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning	226
9476072551	scholasticism	use of logic to solve theological problems	227
9476072552	gothic	architectural style during western Europe that featured pointed arches and flying buttresses	228
9476072553	Hanseatic League	an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to create a commercial alliance	229
9476072554	guilds	sworn associations of people of the same business or trade in a single city	230
9476072555	Black Death	plague that struck Europe during Dark Ages that significantly reduced its population and affected social structure	231