AP World History Islam Flashcards

10362795690	Husayn	grandson of Muhammad, fell valiantly in the Battle of Karbala, son of Ali and grandson of Muhammad, third imam	0
10340943284	Islam	The religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah	1
10340947105	Muslim	"submitter to God", a person whose religion is Islam, consider the Quran their holy book	2
10340952078	Quran	Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God dictated through Muhammad	3
10340955486	Muhammad	Arab prophet who was the last messenger of Allah, Quran was dictated to him by an angel sent from God	4
10340962891	Hadith	traditional records of the deeds and utterances of the prophet Muhammad and the basis for Islamic theology and law	5
10362686687	Umma	the community of believers in Islam	6
10362688444	Mecca	birthplace of Muhammad and the holiest city for Muslims	7
10362689695	Ka'aba	a stone building in the court of the Great Mosque at Mecca that contains a sacred black stone, goal of Islamic pilgrimage, point toward which Muslims turn in praying	8
10362703571	Shahada	the Muslim profession of faith	9
10362706149	Alms	money or food given to the poor	10
10362706871	Ramadan	the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset	11
10362709282	Eid al-Fitr	the Muslim festival marking the end of the fast of Ramadan	12
10362711084	Hajj	the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca	13
10362713365	Jihad	means struggle or effort, internal and external efforts to be a good Muslim or believer as well as working to inform people about the faith of Islam	14
10362716951	Dar al-Islam	"the abode of Islam", territories in which Islam and its religious laws may be freely practiced	15
10362728128	Shari'a	religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition	16
10362728923	Hijra	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina	17
10362730613	Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman Empire, continuation of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, capital was Constantinople, supported by the Christian Church	18
10362737514	Sassanid Empire	period of the Persian empire before the rise of Islam, followed Zoroastrianism which is considered the "beginnings" of Islam today	19
10362747755	Ibn Battuta	a Muslim scholar and traveler, visited most of the Islamic world and many non-Muslim lands	20
10362754480	Qadi	a judge in Islamic legal practice	21
10362756055	Abu Bakr	father-in-law of Muhammad, became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammad's family, served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad, first caliph who succeeded Muhammad after his death	22
10362762029	caliph	the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Muslim community, no longer exist today	23
10362763846	Ali	regarded by Shi'ites (or Shi'a) as Muhammad's first true successor, cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, fourth caliph	24
10362770611	Shi'a	"follower of Ali", thought the caliph should be a successor to Muhammad	25
10362777158	Ummayads	a member of the Dynasty that ruled in Damascus, first major Islamic empire	26
10362779035	Sunnis	chose Uthman as the first successor to Muhammad and believe that the position of caliph does not have to be given to a member of Muhammad's family, represent over 80% of the Muslim community	27
10362789516	Damascus	the capital of Syria, oldest continuously existing city in the world, was the capital of the Umayyad Empire, served as a major trade post for many traders trading between Europe and Asia	28
10362804966	Husayn	Son of Ali who opposed Yazid I for the role of the caliphate, fell valiantly in the Battle of Karbala	29
10362806923	Battle of Karbala	between relatives and supporters of Muhammad's grandson and military of the Umayyad caliph, secured authority of the Ummayads but is a day of mourning for the shi'as	30
10362815691	Imam	a title for a person whose religious leadership or example is to be followed	31
10362819798	Twelvers	believe that the Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad	32
10362826362	Mahdi	this messianic leader will appear to restore justice, truth, and religion for a brief period before the Universal Day of Judgement, according to Islamic tradition	33
10362834889	Ismailis	a member of the branch of Shiite Muslims, believe that Ismali should have become the seventh imam, known as the "Seveners"	34
10362839732	Dome of the Rock	an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, oldest extant Islamic monument, built under the Ummayad empire	35
10362852383	Al-Aqsa Mosque	in the Old City of Jerusalem, third holiest site in Islam, Muslims believe Muhammad was transported from the mosque in Mecca to Al-Aqsa Mosque, one of the earliest mosques	36
10362885144	Charles Martel	hero of the battle that decided that Christians and not Muslims should be the ruling power in Europe, leader of the Franks and stopped the Muslim invasion in France	37
10362890068	Battle of Tours	Charles Martel defeated the Muslim invasion into France and stopped the spread of Islam	38
10362896298	Battle of the Talas River	A battle that the Umayyad armies won, stopped the advance of Chinese forces moving west, and it opened central Asia and the silk routes to Islamic religious and cultural missions	39
10362899558	Abbasids	third Islamic caliphate, capital was Baghdad and they overthrew Ummayad caliphate, descended from Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad	40
10362919418	Baghdad	capital of the Abbasid caliphate, known as the "centre of learning"	41
10362921994	Fatimids	an Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, descent from the daughter of Muhammad, Fatimah	42
10362927004	Seljuk Turks	A turkish-speaking group led by the Seljuk family, named themselves sultans and they had power over the non-religious side of the government, nomadic horsemen who converted to Islam and recognized the Abbasid caliphate	43
10362941085	Battle of Manzikert	fought between the Byzantine and Seljuk Empires, the defeat of the Byzantine army played an important role in the gradual Turkification of Anatolia	44
10362947324	Sultan	a king or sovereign especially of a Muslim state, used by the Seljuk Turks	45
10362953676	Chinggis Khan	created the largest land-based empire, the Mongol empire, he came to power by uniting many nomadic tribes	46
10362958478	Battle of Ain Jalut	the sultan in Cairo defeated mongol troops, stopped the mongols from advancing westward	47
10362966488	Timur the Lame	a person who lead Turkish invaders along similar routes and campaigns as Chinggis Khan, had support from the Sufis and his descendants patronized Islamic scholarship and Turkish as a literary language	48
10362974266	Ulama	the theologians and legal experts of Islam	49
10362975141	Sufis	a member of one of the orders practicing mystical forms of worship	50
10362984299	Sultanate of Delhi	a Muslim sultanate based mostly in Delhi and stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent	51
10362988880	Mughal Empire	an empire in the Indian subcontinent established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty, second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, blended Perso-Islamic and regionl Indian elements	52
10362998394	Ghana	by the ninth century it was a rival of the Berbers for control of Saharan trade	53
10363000660	Almoravids	imperial Muslim dynasty in Morocco, prevented the fall of AL-Andalas to Christian kingdoms	54
10363009198	Mali	Muslim merchants brought Islam to West Africa, Mansa Musa built many mosques throughout Mali	55
10363119401	Mansa Musa	sultan of the Mali Empire, known to have been enormously wealthy, spread wealth on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca	56
10363121675	Timbuktu	ancient city in Mali, became a scholarly centre in Africa	57
10363124793	Songhay	was one of the largest states in African history, Songhai rulers weakened the Mali empire	58
10363130800	Ethiopia	"Haven of the First Migration or Hijra", synonymous with freedom from persecution and emancipation from fear	59
10363135987	Kilwa	founded by settlers from Arabia and Iran, became one of the most active commercial trading centers on the east coast of Africa	60
10363144245	Swahili	follow the Sunni denomination of Islam, known for use of divination, Islam came to the Southeast African coast by Bantu traders tapping into the Indian Ocean trade networks	61
10363152043	Jalal al-Din Runni	was a Persian Sunni Muslim poet, jurist, scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic, his masnavi is considered one of the greatest poems of the Persian language, his poetry has influenced many	62
10363156621	Ibn Khaldun	Arab historiographer and historian, best known for his book "Introduction" which helped analyze the Ottoman Empire	63
10363161172	Universal History	Written by Ibn Khaldun , who is often viewed as the first to apply social science theory to the study of history. Universal History stressed a cyclical theory of history in which nomadic peoples regularly conquered urban peoples who were settled, cultured, and contented, took over their cities, settled into their own lives, and then themselves fell to the next invasion of nomadic peoples. Some of the themes stressed that are still applicable today include that the difference between Easterners and Westerners is cultural, not innate, the differences between people arise from differences in their occupations, and that scholars are the least suited to politics out of all men.	64
10363164091	Cordoba	a city in southern Spain that was colonized by Muslim armies in the eighth century, major Islamic center in the Middle Ages	65
10363167835	Ibn Sina	a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic golden age, has been described as the father of early modern medicine	66
10363174375	Qanun fi'l-tibb	an encyclopedia of medicine compiled by Ibn Sina, overview of the contemporary medical knowledge	67
10363178437	Minaret	a tall slender tower typically part of a mosque with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer	68
10363182182	Muezzin	a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque	69
10363185773	Istanbul	historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, most populous city in Turkey	70
10363187830	Taj Mahal	mausoleum in India, tomb which includes a mosque, regarded as the jewel of Muslim art	71
10363190672	Bazaar	a market in a Middle Eastern country	72
10363192106	Dhimmi	Jews and Christians living under early Muslim rule were considered dhimmis, had their rights fully protected but had certain restrictions, later extended to other religious peoples such as Hindus	73
10363198852	crusades	an expedition made by Christian Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims	74
10363203316	Alexius I	Byzantine emperor, began the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration	75
10363207274	Urban II	pope that initiated the First Crusade and promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land and free the eastern churches	76
10363214073	Salah al-Din	first sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, led the Muslim military campaign against crusader states	77
10363217656	reconquista	Christian Iberian kingdoms opposed and conquered the Muslim kingdoms	78
10363225340	Moses Maimonides	a medieval Jewish philosopher who became one of the most influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages	79
10363230112	Alhambra	fortress in Spain, built by a Muslim ruler but altered by a Roman ruler	80
10363233338	Spanish Inquisition	intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace medieval inquisition, regulation intensified ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain	81
10363241294	Marranos	an insincere Jewish convert during the reconquista	82
10363244825	Moriscos	an insincere Muslim convert during the reconquista	83
10363253389	Tomas de Torquemada	grand inquisitor in Spain's movement to homogenize religious practices with those of the Catholic Church, one of the chief supporters that expelled the Jews from Spain	84
10363264060	Apostasy	the abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief	85
10363268562	Heresy	belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine	86
10363271881	blasphemy	the act of speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred things	87
10363274598	Usury	the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest	88
10363279010	Ferdinand and Isabella	officially made Islam illegal throughout Spain after many revolts	89