AP Biochemistry Flashcards

10871466067	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons	0
10871466068	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons	1
10871466069	nonpolar	electrons shared equally between atoms	2
10871466070	polar	electrons shared unequally	3
10871466073	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure	4
10871466074	structural isomer	isomer differing in the arrangement of atoms	5
10871466075	geometric isomer	isomer differing in the spacial arrangement of double bonds	6
10871466076	optical isomers	isomers that are mirror images of each other	7
10871466077	enantiomer	synonym for optical isomer	8
10871466078	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose; building blocks of carbs	9
10871466079	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose	10
10871466080	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released	11
10871466081	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water	12
10871466082	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates; large sugars; starch, cellulose	13
10871466083	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls	14
10871466084	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants	15
10871466087	chitin	structural polysaccharide found in animals; makes up the exoskeleton in arthropods; cell walls of fungal cells	16
10871466088	glycogen	storage polysaccharide, animal starch that in humans is stored in the liver and the skeletal muscle	17
10871466089	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid, creates the backbone of triglycerides and connects the 3 fatty acid chains	18
10871466090	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end	19
10871466091	saturated fat	fat without double bonds; straight chain, solid, butter	20
10871466092	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds; kinky chain, liquid, oils	21
10871466093	steroid	lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone	22
10871466094	peptide bond	bond found between amino acids in a protein molecule	23
10871466095	conformation	protein's unique shape that determines its function	24
10871466096	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids in a protein	25
10871466097	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds; alpha vs. beta	26
10871466098	tertiary structure	3D conformation of a protein; determines specificity	27
10871466099	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain; hemoglobin has 4	28
10871466100	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)	29
10871466101	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk	30
10871466102	fibrous proteins	proteins that exhibit secondary structure only; wool, claws, beaks, reptile scales, collagen, and ligaments	31
10871466103	heme group	one of four polypeptide chains in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin	32
10871466105	chaperone proteins	molecules that assist in folding other proteins	33
10871466106	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions	34
10871466108	catabolism	reaction that breaks down molecules, releases energy	35
10871466109	anabolism	reaction that creates molecules, uses energy	36
10871466110	enzyme	catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation	37
10871466112	cofactor	inorganic enzyme assist	38
10871466113	coenzyme	organic enzyme assist (vitamins)	39
10871466114	competitive inhibition	compounds that look like the normal substrate COMPETE for the same active site on the enzyme	40
10871466115	noncompetitive inhibition	more than one active site on enzymes and the substrates do not look like each other	41
10871466116	allosteric inhibition	two active sites on enzymes, one for a substrate and one for an inhibitor	42
10871466117	feedback inhibition	metabolic pathway is switched off by the end product; allosteric inhibition	43
10871466119	cohesion	capacity to resist tension to rupture; attraction between LIKE molecules	44
10871466120	alkaline	synonym for basic	45
10871466121	salt	a compound that releases ions other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water	46
10871466122	phosphorylation	any phosphate group transfer between molecules	47
10871466124	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together	48
10871466125	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers; we digest food into these	49
10871466126	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules	50
10871466127	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	51
10871466128	van der Waals interactions	VERY weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations	52
10871466131	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion; opposites attract	53
10871466136	glycosodic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction	54
10871466137	nucleotide	building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group	55
10871466138	pyramidine	ONE RINGED nucleotide; cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring	56
10871466139	purine	TWO RINGED nucleotide; adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	57
10871466140	triose	three carbon sugar	58
10871466141	pentose	five carbon sugar	59
10871466142	hexose	six carbon sugar	60
10871466143	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar; OH	61
10871466144	carbonyl	carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes; C=O	62
10871466145	carboxyl group	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group; COOH; acidic	63
10871466146	amine group	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton	64
10871466147	sulfhydryl group	sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine	65
10871466148	phosphate group	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid	66
10871466149	methyl group	carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones	67
11160486808	Carbohydrates	broken down to glucose to provide quick energy (starch); also provides structure (cellulose)	68
11160495728	Lipids	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that provide long-term energy and insulation to living things	69
11160500114	Nucleic Acids	DNA and RNA	70
11160506486	Proteins	Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues among many other things	71