AP World History - Period 1 Flashcards

11462913242	overfarming	when agricultural land loses its fertility when used repeatedly	0
11462913243	overgrazing	the continual eating of grasses or their roots	1
11462913244	artifacts	objects made by people in the past	2
11462913245	homo sapiens sapiens	modern humans	3
11462913246	Paleolithic Period	early years of human history; began 2.5 million years ago, ended 10,000 years ago -known for stone tools and weapons	4
11462913247	Neolithic Revolution	a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture	5
11462913248	monotheism	worshiping only one deity	6
11462913249	Bronze Age	between 3300-2300 B.C.E.; new metal was such an advance that it gave the era a new name	7
11462913250	civilization	a large society with cities and powerful states	8
11462913251	core and foundational civilizatons	the main 6 river valley civilizations (Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and American civilizations) that developed ways of life such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices that influenced successor civilizations in those regions	9
11462913252	Jericho	one of humankind's first cities; built on the west bank of the Jordan River	10
11462913253	Catal Huyuk	another ancient city that has well-preserved remains which help historians understand life back then	11
11462913254	textiles	items made of cloth	12
11462913255	specialization of labor	the process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	13
11462913256	copper	metal found as a pure state in the ground; allowed for the making of bronze	14
11462913257	bronze	mixture of tin and copper; creating a stronger mixture, huge advance	15
11462913258	hunter-forager	(hunter-gatherers) people who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, buts, fruit, and edible roots	16
11462913259	agriculture	the practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis	17
11462913260	surplus	more than what a civilization needs for themselves	18
11462913261	domestication	process of taming wild animals so that they could be brought to live with humans	19
11462913262	nomadic pastoralism	a lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture	20
11462913263	kinship group	several hunter-forager families that moved together in search of food	21
11462913264	clan	a larger group of multiple kinship groups	22
11462913265	tribe	multiple clans combined into a larger group	23
11462913266	patriarchal society	a society dominated by men	24
11462913267	artisans	people who made objects people needed (ex: clothing, pottery)	25
11462913268	merchants	people who buy and sell goods for a living	26
11462913269	social stratification	the system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy	27
11462913270	preists	men who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	28
11462913271	priestesses	women who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	29
11462913272	Tigris and Euphrates	rivers that flow through modern Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf	30
11462913273	Mesopotamia	area between the Tigris and Euphrates	31
11462913274	Fertile Crescent	region that includes parts of Egypt and all of Mesopotamia	32
11462913275	Carthage	a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa	33
11462913276	Sahara	desert zone in northern Africa	34
11462913277	Kalahari	desert zone in southern Africa	35
11462913278	Nile River	begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Meditteranean Sea	36
11462913279	desertification	the creation of desert-like conditions	37
11462913280	Indus River Valley	river valley in India	38
11462913281	environmental degradation	mass deforestation and soil erosion	39
11462913282	deforestation	removal of large numbers of trees	40
11462913283	Huang He	Yellow River; connects China's northern interior to the Yellow Sea	41
11462913284	Chiang Jiang	Yangtze River; stretches almost 4,000 miles across Central China	42
11462913285	loess	a type of fertile soil that is yellow in color	43
11462913286	Mesoamerica	Central America and Mexico	44
11462913287	maize	corn	45
11462913288	Oceania and Polynesia	the region in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea, Australia, and other islands	46
11462913289	division of labor	other civilizations beginning to work in areas other than producing food	47
11462913290	barter	the direct exchange of goods without involving money	48
11462913291	polytheistic	worshiping many gods	49
11462913292	ziggurats	large stepped pyramids	50
11462913293	astronomy	the study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere	51
11462913294	astrology	the predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets	52
11462913295	Hebrews (Israelites, Jews)	lived in the region of Canaan (present-day Isreal, Palestine, and Lebanon)	53
11462913296	Abraham	founder of Caanan who left Mesopotamia to settle there; Christians, Jews, and Muslims trace their roots to him	54
11462913297	Moses	the man who led the Hebrews out of captivity to Canaan, and also introduced the 10 Commandments	55
11462913298	Ten Commandments	a code of conduct that was influential in areas dominated by Christianity	56
11462913299	Jewish Diaspora	the spreading of the Jews throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East	57
11462913300	theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	58
11462913301	Aten	the sun god that Ahkenaton ordered Egypt to worship exclusively	59
11462913302	mummification	the removing of the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth	60
11462913303	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples from Central Asia (Persia)	61
11462913304	Hindi	originated from Sanskrit (India's sacred language), still widely spoken	62
11462913305	Vedas	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	63
11462913306	Vedic Age	age of Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs	64
11462913307	brahmin	Indian priest	65
11462913308	brahma	a universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth	66
11462913309	dharma	righteous duties and deeds	67
11462913310	karma	fate in the next life	68
11462913311	moksha	eternal peace or unity with brahma	69
11462913312	ancestor veneration	the belief that since the spirits of ancestors could speak to gods for them, making offerings to them to win their favor	70
11462913313	Golden Age	a period in society of relative prosperity, peace, and innovation	71
11462913314	scribes	a separate class of people who were skilled at reading and writing a certain language	72
11462913315	The Epic of Gilgamesh	the oldest story on the Earth, written in cuneiform	73
11462913316	cuneiform	world's first writing system from the Sumerians	74
11462913317	alphabetic script	a system of symbols/letters that represent the sounds of speech; Phoenicians had a 22 letter alphabet	75
11462913318	hieroglyphics	picture writing used by the Ancient Egyptians	76
11462913319	papyrus	a type of plant that grew along the Nile River that was used to make a type of paper	77
11462913320	Book of the Dead	a paper book that Egyptians put inside the coffins of the dead pharaohs that told the story of the dead person	78
11462913321	Indo-European	a set of languages that involved Sanskrit and Latin	79
11462913322	Sanskrit	the sacred language of the Aryans	80
11462913323	Rig-Veda	a section of the Veda that sheds light on ancient Indian society and their conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan societies, and outlined proper brahmin behavior	81
11462913324	Upanishads	a foundational text for the set of beliefs that later became known as Hinduism	82
11462913325	pictographs/glyphs	Ancient Chinese graphic symbols that represented an an idea, concept or object	83
11462913326	Austronesian speakers	Oceanic peoples from southern China who moved from the Philippines and Taiwan	84
11462913327	feudalism	local rulers governing as they wished, who paid taxes to the king and provided soldiers for the kings army	85
11462913328	Sumer and Sumerians	a group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, settling alongiside people already living there	86
11462913329	Uruk	the largest city-state in Sumer with a population of roughly 50,000	87
11462913330	city-states	a city and the land it controlled; several hundred square miles	88
11462913331	king and kingdom	Sumerian military rulers who ruled over a territory	89
11462913332	Babylonians	Persian invaders that controlled Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon, thus being known as Babylonians	90
11462913333	empire	the controlling of a large empire that included diverse cultural groups	91
11462913334	Phoenicians	peoples who occupied parts of Lebanon, Isreal and Jordan; most commonly known for their strong ships and vast trade network	92
11462913335	Old Kingdom	a period of stability in Egypt in which kings and queens ruled as theocrats, and wielded considerable authority in public life; all land belonged to the pharaoh and were descended from gods; collapsed due to drought, which led to famine	93
11462913336	Middle Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which Mentuhotep II took power, and reunited Egypt under a central government and diminished the power of provincial governors; placed an emphasis on statues/art of the pharaoh that depicted them as wise; built numerous temples and irrigation projects; ended due to invasions from the Hyksos from Syria	94
11462913337	New Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which after the defeat of the Hyksos, pharoahs used their powerful army to expand into Mesopotamia and Nubia; collapsed due to internal chaos and failed defense against aggressive neighbors	95
11462913338	Hyksos	a group of pastoral nomadic people from Syria that invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and were defeated before the New Kingdom	96
11462913339	Hittities	a group of people who used iron rools and weapons, who eventually took over areas in Egypt after the fall of Ramses	97
11462913340	Kush	ancient kingdom south of Egypt that were mostly dependent on Egypt, controlled Egypt shortly before overthrown by the Assyrians	98
11462913341	Axum	civilization in present Ethiopia that had an agricultural and trading based economy, had many people converted to Christianity and some to Islam	99
11462913342	Dravidians	indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent	100
11462913343	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two centers in the Indus River Valley; had advanced labor systems, a social heriarchy, and sewage systems	101
11462913344	Chavin civilization	the civilization that existed in modern Peru centered at Chavin de Huantar; traded, lived in valleys, used llamas for transportation, developed irrigation systems, potter; dissolved into regional groups because had weak political structure	102
11462913345	Olmec	the civilization that flourished in the east and central Mexico, agricultural, traded with countries many miles away, carved human head statues and constructed massive pyramids, developed a calendar and a number system, used glyphs	103
11462913346	Easter Island	a place in Oceania where settlers were divided into clans that had a chief and one head chief as a ruler of all clans	104
11462913347	aboriginals	hunter-foragers in Australia that were not fazed by the new agricultural ways of the Austronesian people; kept their nomadic ways	105
11462913348	Hammurabi	a Babylonian king who had established control over all of Mesopotamia; also created a law called the Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye punishment)	106
11462913349	King Menes	Egyptian king who unified Upper and Lower Egypt before the formation of the old, middle, and new kingdoms	107
11462913350	pharaoh	the king or queen that led the Egyptian government	108
11462913351	Akhenaton	a pharaoh of the New Kingdom who tried to make Egypt a monotheistic region that followed the sun god Aten; ultimately failed	109
11462913352	Ramses the Great	a powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom that expanded the Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia	110
11462913353	Xia Dynasty	the first Chinese dynasty; had no writing system so little is known	111
11462913354	Shang Dynasty	the second Chinese dynasty; Shang rulers conquered neighboring peoples and established a larger empire	112
11462913355	Mandate of Heaven	the ancient Chinese idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods; were referred to as sons of heaven; invasions or natural disasters were signs that a ruler no longer had a Mandate of Heaven	113
11462913356	Zhou Dynasty	the third Chinese dynasty; the longest dynasty of all time; had a Golden Age; expanded into a larger territory and centralized power	114