Terminology for AP Language and Composition Flashcards

10420352891	Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.	0
10420352892	Allusion	An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event.	1
10420353459	Analogy	An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.	2
10420357359	Anaphora	The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	3
10420357360	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting event.	4
10420359987	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	5
10420359988	antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers.	6
10420362069	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.	7
10420362570	Antithesis	Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.	8
10420363654	Aphorism	A short, astute statement of a general truth.	9
10420364088	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	10
10420378128	Archaic diction	The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.	11
10420379369	Argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence.	12
10420383411	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).	13
10420385763	Assertion	An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.	14
10420388233	Assumption	A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.	15
10420390186	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.	16
10420391124	Attitude	The speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.	17
10420392743	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	18
10420392744	Authority	A reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge.	19
10420393991	Bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	20
10420393992	Cite	Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.	21
10420394901	Claim	An assertion, usually supported by evidence.	22
10420394902	Close reading	A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.	23
10420395934	Colloquialism	An informal or conversational use of language.	24
10420396780	Common ground	Shared beliefs, values, or positions	25
10420397731	Complex sentence	A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.	26
10420399872	Concession	A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.	27
10420404935	Connotation	That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation).	28
10420406053	Context	Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.	29
10420406054	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.	30
10420407666	Counterarguement	A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.	31
10420409874	Cumulative sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	32
10420411761	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement.	33
10420412459	Deduction	Reasoning from general to specific.	34
10420413417	Denotation	The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.	35
10420413418	Diction	Word choice.	36
10420414094	Documentation	Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.	37
10420414095	Elegaic	Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.	38
10420416146	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	39
10420416147	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).	40
10420417893	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.	41
10420417903	Figure of speech	An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.	42
10420419170	Hyperbole	Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.	43
10420420938	Imagery	Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).	44
10420420939	Imperative sentence	A sentence that requests or commands.	45
10420422801	Induction	Reasoning from specific to general.	46
10420422802	Inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	47
10420425792	Irony	A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.	48
10420426216	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	49
10420426849	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) .	50
10420426850	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	51
10420427697	Metonymy	Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.	52
10420428324	Occasion	An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.	53
10420428325	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.	54
10420429089	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	55
10420429090	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	56
10420431202	Parody	A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.	57
10420431203	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).	58
10420432778	Persona	The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.	59
10420432779	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	60
10420434583	Polemic	An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.	61
10420435269	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.	62
10420436104	Premise	Major, minor two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).	63
10420437738	Propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	64
10420437739	Purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	65
10420438438	Refute	To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.	66
10420438439	Rhetoric	The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."	67
10420439004	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	68
10420440073	Rhetorical question	Rhetorical question: A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.	69
10420441341	Rhetorical triangle	Rhetorical triangle: A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	70
10420442116	Satire	An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.	71
10420442117	Scheme	A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.	72
10420443349	Sentence patterns	The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.	73
10420444405	Sentence variety	Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.	74
10420444406	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	75
10420445536	Simple sentence	A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.	76
10420445537	Source	A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.	77
10420447064	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	78
10420447065	Straw man	A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.	79
10420544887	Style	The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.	80
10420457575	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	81
10420458221	Subordinate clause	Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.	82
10420459467	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.	83
10420460406	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).	84
10420460407	Syntax	Syntax: Sentence structure.	85
10420461340	Synthesize	Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.	86
10420461958	Thesis	The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.	87
10420461959	Thesis statement	A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.	88
10420462814	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	89
10420463823	Topic sentence	A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.	90
10420465021	Trope	Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.	91
10420465022	Understatement	Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.	92
10420465852	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	93
10420469389	Zeugma	A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.	94