AP World Period 1 Vocab Flashcards

10738402201	overfarming	when agricultural land loses its fertility when used repeatedly	0
10738402202	overgrazing	the continual eating of grasses or their roots	1
10738402203	artifacts	objects made by people in the past	2
10738402204	homo sapiens sapiens	modern humans	3
10738402205	Paleolithic Period	early years of human history; began 2.5 million years ago, ended 10,000 years ago -known for stone tools and weapons	4
10738402206	Neolithic Revolution	a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture	5
10738402207	monotheism	worshiping only one deity	6
10738402208	Bronze Age	between 3300-2300 B.C.E.; new metal was such an advance that it gave the era a new name	7
10738402209	civilization	a large society with cities and powerful states	8
10738402210	core and foundational civilizatons	the main 6 river valley civilizations (Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and American civilizations) that developed ways of life such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices that influenced successor civilizations in those regions	9
10738402211	Jericho	one of humankind's first cities; built on the west bank of the Jordan River	10
10738402212	Catal Huyuk	another ancient city that has well-preserved remains which help historians understand life back then	11
10738402213	textiles	items made of cloth	12
10738402214	specialization of labor	the process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	13
10738402215	copper	metal found as a pure state in the ground; allowed for the making of bronze	14
10738402216	bronze	mixture of tin and copper; creating a stronger mixture, huge advance	15
10738402217	hunter-forager	(hunter-gatherers) people who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, buts, fruit, and edible roots	16
10738402218	agriculture	the practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis	17
10738402219	surplus	more than what a civilization needs for themselves	18
10738402220	domestication	process of taming wild animals so that they could be brought to live with humans	19
10738402221	nomadic pastoralism	a lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture	20
10738402222	kinship group	several hunter-forager families that moved together in search of food	21
10738402223	clan	a larger group of multiple kinship groups	22
10738402224	tribe	multiple clans combined into a larger group	23
10738402225	patriarchal society	a society dominated by men	24
10738402226	artisans	people who made objects people needed (ex: clothing, pottery)	25
10738402227	merchants	people who buy and sell goods for a living	26
10738402228	social stratification	the system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy	27
10738402229	preists	men who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	28
10738402230	priestesses	women who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	29
10738402231	Tigris and Euphrates	rivers that flow through modern Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf	30
10738402232	Mesopotamia	area between the Tigris and Euphrates	31
10738402233	Fertile Crescent	region that includes parts of Egypt and all of Mesopotamia	32
10738402234	Carthage	a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa	33
10738402235	Sahara	desert zone in northern Africa	34
10738402236	Kalahari	desert zone in southern Africa	35
10738402237	Nile River	begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Meditteranean Sea	36
10738402238	desertification	the creation of desert-like conditions	37
10738402239	Indus River Valley	river valley in India	38
10738402240	environmental degradation	mass deforestation and soil erosion	39
10738402241	deforestation	removal of large numbers of trees	40
10738402242	Huang He	Yellow River; connects China's northern interior to the Yellow Sea	41
10738402243	Chiang Jiang	Yangtze River; stretches almost 4,000 miles across Central China	42
10738402244	loess	a type of fertile soil that is yellow in color	43
10738402245	Mesoamerica	Central America and Mexico	44
10738402246	maize	corn	45
10738402247	Oceania and Polynesia	the region in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea, Australia, and other islands	46
10738402248	division of labor	other civilizations beginning to work in areas other than producing food	47
10738402249	barter	the direct exchange of goods without involving money	48
10738402250	polytheistic	worshiping many gods	49
10738402251	ziggurats	large stepped pyramids	50
10738402252	astronomy	the study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere	51
10738402253	astrology	the predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets	52
10738402254	Hebrews (Israelites, Jews)	lived in the region of Canaan (present-day Isreal, Palestine, and Lebanon)	53
10738402255	Abraham	founder of Caanan who left Mesopotamia to settle there; Christians, Jews, and Muslims trace their roots to him	54
10738402256	Moses	the man who led the Hebrews out of captivity to Canaan, and also introduced the 10 Commandments	55
10738402257	Ten Commandments	a code of conduct that was influential in areas dominated by Christianity	56
10738402258	Jewish Diaspora	the spreading of the Jews throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East	57
10738402259	theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	58
10738402260	Aten	the sun god that Ahkenaton ordered Egypt to worship exclusively	59
10738402261	mummification	the removing of the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth	60
10738402262	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples from Central Asia (Persia)	61
10738402263	Hindi	originated from Sanskrit (India's sacred language), still widely spoken	62
10738402264	Vedas	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	63
10738402265	Vedic Age	age of Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs	64
10738402266	brahmin	Indian priest	65
10738402267	brahma	a universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth	66
10738402268	dharma	righteous duties and deeds	67
10738402269	karma	fate in the next life	68
10738402270	moksha	eternal peace or unity with brahma	69
10738402271	ancestor veneration	the belief that since the spirits of ancestors could speak to gods for them, making offerings to them to win their favor	70
10738402272	Golden Age	a period in society of relative prosperity, peace, and innovation	71
10738402273	scribes	a separate class of people who were skilled at reading and writing a certain language	72
10738402274	The Epic of Gilgamesh	the oldest story on the Earth, written in cuneiform	73
10738402275	cuneiform	world's first writing system from the Sumerians	74
10738402276	alphabetic script	a system of symbols/letters that represent the sounds of speech; Phoenicians had a 22 letter alphabet	75
10738402277	hieroglyphics	picture writing used by the Ancient Egyptians	76
10738402278	papyrus	a type of plant that grew along the Nile River that was used to make a type of paper	77
10738402279	Book of the Dead	a paper book that Egyptians put inside the coffins of the dead pharaohs that told the story of the dead person	78
10738402280	Indo-European	a set of languages that involved Sanskrit and Latin	79
10738402281	Sanskrit	the sacred language of the Aryans	80
10738402282	Rig-Veda	a section of the Veda that sheds light on ancient Indian society and their conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan societies, and outlined proper brahmin behavior	81
10738402283	Upanishads	a foundational text for the set of beliefs that later became known as Hinduism	82
10738402284	pictographs/glyphs	Ancient Chinese graphic symbols that represented an an idea, concept or object	83
10738402285	Austronesian speakers	Oceanic peoples from southern China who moved from the Philippines and Taiwan	84
10738402286	feudalism	local rulers governing as they wished, who paid taxes to the king and provided soldiers for the kings army	85
10738402287	Sumer and Sumerians	a group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, settling alongiside people already living there	86
10738402288	Uruk	the largest city-state in Sumer with a population of roughly 50,000	87
10738402289	city-states	a city and the land it controlled; several hundred square miles	88
10738402290	king and kingdom	Sumerian military rulers who ruled over a territory	89
10738402291	Babylonians	Persian invaders that controlled Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon, thus being known as Babylonians	90
10738402292	empire	the controlling of a large empire that included diverse cultural groups	91
10738402293	Phoenicians	peoples who occupied parts of Lebanon, Isreal and Jordan; most commonly known for their strong ships and vast trade network	92
10738402294	Old Kingdom	a period of stability in Egypt in which kings and queens ruled as theocrats, and wielded considerable authority in public life; all land belonged to the pharaoh and were descended from gods; collapsed due to drought, which led to famine	93
10738402295	Middle Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which Mentuhotep II took power, and reunited Egypt under a central government and diminished the power of provincial governors; placed an emphasis on statues/art of the pharaoh that depicted them as wise; built numerous temples and irrigation projects; ended due to invasions from the Hyksos from Syria	94
10738402296	New Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which after the defeat of the Hyksos, pharoahs used their powerful army to expand into Mesopotamia and Nubia; collapsed due to internal chaos and failed defense against aggressive neighbors	95
10738402297	Hyksos	a group of pastoral nomadic people from Syria that invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and were defeated before the New Kingdom	96
10738402298	Hittities	a group of people who used iron rools and weapons, who eventually took over areas in Egypt after the fall of Ramses	97
10738402299	Kush	ancient kingdom south of Egypt that were mostly dependent on Egypt, controlled Egypt shortly before overthrown by the Assyrians	98
10738402300	Axum	civilization in present Ethiopia that had an agricultural and trading based economy, had many people converted to Christianity and some to Islam	99
10738402301	Dravidians	indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent	100
10738402302	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two centers in the Indus River Valley; had advanced labor systems, a social heriarchy, and sewage systems	101
10738402303	Chavin civilization	the civilization that existed in modern Peru centered at Chavin de Huantar; traded, lived in valleys, used llamas for transportation, developed irrigation systems, potter; dissolved into regional groups because had weak political structure	102
10738402304	Olmec	the civilization that flourished in the east and central Mexico, agricultural, traded with countries many miles away, carved human head statues and constructed massive pyramids, developed a calendar and a number system, used glyphs	103
10738402305	Easter Island	a place in Oceania where settlers were divided into clans that had a chief and one head chief as a ruler of all clans	104
10738402306	aboriginals	hunter-foragers in Australia that were not fazed by the new agricultural ways of the Austronesian people; kept their nomadic ways	105
10738402307	Hammurabi	a Babylonian king who had established control over all of Mesopotamia; also created a law called the Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye punishment)	106
10738402308	King Menes	Egyptian king who unified Upper and Lower Egypt before the formation of the old, middle, and new kingdoms	107
10738402309	pharaoh	the king or queen that led the Egyptian government	108
10738402310	Akhenaton	a pharaoh of the New Kingdom who tried to make Egypt a monotheistic region that followed the sun god Aten; ultimately failed	109
10738402311	Ramses the Great	a powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom that expanded the Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia	110
10738402312	Xia Dynasty	the first Chinese dynasty; had no writing system so little is known	111
10738402313	Shang Dynasty	the second Chinese dynasty; Shang rulers conquered neighboring peoples and established a larger empire	112
10738402314	Mandate of Heaven	the ancient Chinese idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods; were referred to as sons of heaven; invasions or natural disasters were signs that a ruler no longer had a Mandate of Heaven	113
10738402315	Zhou Dynasty	the third Chinese dynasty; the longest dynasty of all time; had a Golden Age; expanded into a larger territory and centralized power	114