AP Review Terms Flashcards

6723130216	Cerebellum	"little brain"; processes sensory input, coordinates voluntary movements and balance, helps judge time, enables nonverbal learning and memory	0
6723131706	Frontal lobe	portion of cerebral cortex involved in speaking, muscle movements and making judgements. includes prefrontal cortex, motor cortex and Broca's area	1
6723134121	Dendrite	branching extension of a neuron that receives messages and conducts impulses toward cell body	2
6723134897	Axon	extension of neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which pass to other neurons, muscles or glands	3
6723136938	Corpus Callosum	large band of neural fibers connecting two hemispheres of the brain and carrying messages between them	4
6723138409	Occipital lobe	portion of cerebral cortex that receives information from visual fields	5
6723139298	Hippocampus	part of limbic system responsible for processing explicit memories for storage	6
6723140534	Serotonin	chemical that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal	7
6723141027	Sympathetic Nervous System	Division of autonomic nervous system that arouses body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	8
6723145060	Amygdala	part of limbic system linked to emotion; thought to determine whether we should emotionally react to sensory stimuli (rage or fear); processes emotional memories	9
6723147475	Temporal lobe	portion of cerebral cortex involved in hearing and understanding sounds/language. includes auditory cortex and wernicke's area.	10
6723150864	Thalamus	brain's sensory switchboard, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla	11
6723154439	Action potential/depolarization	brief electrical charge that travels down axon when positively charged K and NA ions travel inside axon meeting up with negatively charged Cl ions	12
6723157027	Somatic Nervous System	division of peripheral nervous system; controls body's skeletal muscles (voluntary actions)	13
6723159021	Parasympathetic Nervous System	division of autonomic nervous system; calms body, conserving energy	14
6723160450	Synapse	junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrite of receiving neuron	15
6723162109	Sperry and Gazzaniga	their split-brain research has shown complimentary functions of the right and left hemispheres	16
6723164226	Acetylcholine	chemical that enables muscle action, learning, and memory	17
6723165937	Endocrine System	body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream	18
6723166640	Neuron	building block of nervous system; nerve cell	19
6723166983	Parietal Lobe	portion of cerebral cortex; receives sensory input for touch and body position. includes sensory cortex and association areas for mathematical and spatial reasoning	20
6723171524	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons, influencing whether a neuron will start or stop firing	21
6723176348	Hypothalamus	directs maintenance activities ex. eating, drinking, temperature; helps regulate endocrine system, linked to emotion and reward	22
6723179647	Norepinephrine	chemical that helps control alertness and arousal	23
6724036711	Dopamine	influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion/pleasure	24
6724038529	Plasticity	brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	25
6724044953	Brainstem	oldest part of brain responsible for automatic survival functions. includes medulla, pons, and reticular activating system	26
6729203731	Psychophysics	study of how physical stimuli from environment are perceived by the brain	27
6729211394	Sensation	detection of a physical stimulus (light, sound, odors, taste, etc.) in the environment	28
6729222466	Perception	interpretation of a sensation	29
6729227597	Accessory Structure	part of a sense organ (ex. lens of an eye) that's responsible for collecting and modifying energy from environment	30
6729238731	Sensory receptors	specialized cells that respond to certain energy fluctuations in the environment	31
6729251758	Transduction	when physical energy is converted into neural code, making it possible for the brain to interpret the energy	32
6729260960	Thalamus	where information is analyzed and relayed to the aptopiate area in the cerebral cortex	33
6729276896	Sensory cortex	processes sensory information	34
6729280705	Absolute threshold	smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for sensation to take place 50 percent of the time	35
6729294434	Signal detection theory	examines factors that affect the process of sensation	36
6729301864	Sensitivity	ability to detect a stimulus	37
6729308268	Response criterion	person's willingness to respond to a stimulus	38
6729321502	Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Threshold)	smallest detectable "difference" between two stimuli	39
6729326482	Weber's law	difference threshold depends on the strength of the new stimulus in relation to the original stimulus	40
6729338411	Fechner's law	continuous increases in physical energy will result in similar increases in perceived magnitude	41
6729347924	Sensory Adaptation	occurs as sensory receptors lose their sensitivity in response to an unchanging stimulus	42
6729356153	Cornea	clear, protective membrane that covers the eye	43
6729361498	Pupil	opening in the eye that allows light to enter	44
6729370506	Iris	muscle that determines the amount of light that enters through the pupil	45
6729382998	Lens	located directly behind the pupil, bends light wave, focusing it on the retina	46
6729392974	Accommodation	process of how lens focuses in and out on images	47
6729396771	Retina	light-sensitive membrane located in the back of the eye	48
6729404430	Photoreceptors	sensory receptors responsible for converting light energy into neural code	49
6729418864	Rods	more active in dimly lighted conditions and respond to black, white, and shades of grey	50
6729426235	Cones	more active in bright-light conditions and help in the detection of fine details and color	51
6729432931	Bipolar cells	specialized neurons that connect rods and cones to ganglion cells	52
6729553843	Ganglion cells	specialized neurons that receive and process information form the receptor cells before the information is sent to the brain	53
6729838145	Optic nerve	carries visual information to the brain	54
6729850439	Optic disk	area that contains no rods and cones	55
6729852071	Blind spot	where the optic nerve leaves the retina, producing a void in the visual field	56
6729861555	Optic Chiasm	point where the nerves from each visual field meet in the brain and then cross to opposite side of the brain	57
6729872721	Primary Visual Cortex	processes the visual information located in the occipital lobe	58
6729878229	Feature detectors	neurons in the primary visual cortex, specialized to respond to different aspects of an image (size, shape, and angle)	59
6729894672	Parallel processing	how the brain processes multiple sources of information simutaleously	60
6729914088	Hue	color that people psychologically perceive	61
6729921472	Saturation	purity	62
6729925876	Brightness	intensity; determined by the amplitude of a wave	63
6729934553	Subtractive color mixing	mixing different paint colors by subtracting/absorbing wavelengths	64
6729943791	Trichromatic theory of color vision	Young-Helmholz theory, there are 3 types of cons, each sensitive to a specific wavelength (Rgb)	65
6729955555	Opponent-process theory of color vision	3 pairs of color-sensitive components of the eye (red-green, blue-below, black-white)	66
6729972796	Afterimage	when an image is perceived even though the stimulus has been removed	67
6729983682	Pitch	property of sound wave, height of sound, determined by frequency	68
6729989883	Frequency	number of complete waves that pass through a medium every secondP	69
6729996668	Hertz	measurement of frequency	70
6730000637	Timbre	purity of sound wave	71
6730013016	Pinna	part of outer ear, visible outer part of ear, locates sound waves	72
6730020765	Auditory canal	part of outer ear, channels sound waves to the eardrum and produces wax to keep particles in environment out of the ear	73
6730032078	Eardrum	part of outer ear, a membrane that vibrates i response to incoming sound waves	74
6730053922	Cochlea	fuild-filed tube, resembles a snail-shell; causes basilar membrane vibrations	75
6730072853	Basilar membrane	lines cochlea, contains hair cells; causes auditory nerve to be stimulated	76
6730086495	Auditory nerve	carries messages to thalamus then sent to auditory cortex	77
6731300131	Weber's Law	different threshold depends on the strength of the new stimulus in relation to the original stimulus	78
6731333675	inattentional Blindness	The inability to see objects due to distraction	79
6731343555	Cocktail party effect (selective attention)	the ability to focus on one task while simultaneously focusing on another	80
6731408704	Schemas	established mental representations of people,objects, and event	81
6731443131	Parallel distributed processing models (PDP)	suggest that semantic and episodic memories become integrated with existing information	82
6731521408	encoding failure	occurs when information was never encoded into long term memory	83
6731601233	frequency matching theory (volley principle)	pitch is perceived through the vibrations of the basilar membrane which is determined by the frequency of the sound	84
6731618100	olfactory receptor cells	are responsible for the detection of air molecules	85
6731635751	olfactory nerves	carry information to the olfactory bulb	86
6731640289	olfactory bulb	located at the end of the olfactory cortex	87
6731672659	Sensory interaction	occurs when one sense influences another	88
6731679100	Ansomia	when a person is unable to distinguish between different smells	89
6731708391	synethesia	odd interaction of the senses	90
6731714570	Pacinian corpuscles	located beneath of the skin, detects touch and pressure	91
6731722446	gate control theory	suggest that pain is determined by the opening and closing of neurological gates in the spinal cord	92
6731738263	substance P	a neurotransmitter that activates other neurons to open the gate resulting in the perception of pain	93
6731750668	kinesthetic sense	monitors and coordinates movement among body parts	94
6731774511	proprioceptors	sensory neurons located in joints and the inner ear and communicated information to the brain concerning tension and the movement in the body	95
6731811133	vestibular	monitors balance in response to movement detected by the proprioceptors	96
6731826229	perception	as the awareness, integration, and organization of sensory stimuli	97
6731831306	bottom-up processing	is the organization of information without the use of prior knowledge, beginning with the individual elements that are structured together to form a whole	98
6731860937	top-down processing	the organization of the information that uses prior knowledge to form the whole	99
6731869100	monocular cues	information perceived from one eye that play a crucial role in the ability to detect depth perception.	100
6731882450	binocular cues	images that are perceived by both eyes and allow for accurate detection of depth perception, integrate the perception of information by both eyes.	101
6731892455	binocular (retinal) disparity	is information that is processed by each eye and fused to form one image	102
6731895945	convergence	turning inward of each eye to focus on an up-close object	103
6731900139	shape constancy	is the perception that the shape of and object remains the same despite a change in the angle from which it is viewed.	104
6731909572	color constancy	is the perception that the color of an object remains the same despite a change in the lighting	105
6731926959	brightness constancy	is the perception that the brightness of an object remains the same despite a change in the brightness of the background	106
6731945386	size constancy	is the perception that the size of an object remains the same despite the fact that size changes based on distance.	107
6731957625	autokinetic effect	is the perception of the movement of a stationary point of light in a totally darkened room.	108
6731961884	stroboscopic motion	is the perception of movement due to the rapid presentation of changing stationary images	109
6731965966	phi phenomenon	is apparent movement due to the sequential presentation of stationary images	110
6731977982	attention	the ability to focus psychological resources on a task or object while ignoring other tasks or objects	111
6731982037	inattentional blindness	the inability to see objects due to distraction	112
6731988294	multitasking	is the ability to focus your attention on two distinctly different tasks	113
6732001491	cocktail party effect (selective attention)	the ability to focus on one task while simultaneously focusing on another	114