AP World History Chapter 2 - Classical China Flashcards

8089466533	The destruction of the Zhou dynasty was followed by	A long period of conflict and social turmoil throughout China known as the Period of the Warring States	0
8089466534	Chinese expansions to the south and west created	Periodic instability as local peoples tried to defend themselves	1
8089466535	Internal conflict after the falling of the Zhou dynasty caused China to be	Vulnerable to nomadic invaders	2
8089466536	After the falling of the Zhou dynasty, many nomadic invaders eventually	Settled down and assimilated the distinct culture of the region	3
8089466537	The Qin dynasty was overthrown by	A revolt led by two peasants	4
8089466538	The Qin dynasty was followed by	The Han dynasty	5
8089466539	The Han era established	Unity in the old core regions	6
8089466540	During the Han era, Chinese political control was	Greatly extended in all directions	7
8089466541	The Han rulers founded	The largest, most effective, and most enduring bureaucracy in the preindustrial world	8
8089466542	The Han rulers developed the	Civil service exam	9
8089466543	The civil service exam and the bureaucracy developed by the Han helped build	A sense of Chinese distinctiveness and identity critical to the survival of Chinese civilization	10
8089466544	The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by	Centuries of war, foreign invasion, and internal division	11
8089466545	China's isolation	Limited its ability to learn from other cultures but spared it frequent invasion and encouraged a distinct Chinese identity	12
8089466546	China built upon the civilization of	Huang he	13
8089466547	Classical Chinese intellectual heritage stressed	The basic harmony of nature	14
8089466548	According to Chinese philosophy, an individual should	Seek a way to relate to the harmony of nature, avoid excess and appreciate the balance of opposites	15
8089466549	In relation to the world of balanced nature, individuals and human institutions existed	Within it	16
8089466550	The cycle of Chinese dynasty:	A family of kings develops strong political institutions and encourages an active economy; dynasty grows weaker and tax revenues decline, social divisions increase, internal rebellions and invasions occur; a new dynasty takes over	17
8089466551	The Zhou dynasty did not establish	A powerful government	18
8089466552	The Zhou dynasty ruled	Through alliances with regional princes and noble families	19
8089466553	The Zhou dynasty came from	The north	20
8089466554	The Zhou dynasty succeeded the	Shang dynasty	21
8089466555	Zhou rulers lacked	The means to control their territories directly	22
8089466556	Zhou rulers gave	Large regional estates to members of their families and other supporters	23
8089466557	Zhou rulers gave estates to family and supporters because	They hoped that their loyalties would remain intact	24
8089466558	Zhou rulers and their supporters exchanged	Land for troops and tax revenues	25
8089466559	During the feudal age, Chinese rulers depended on	A network of loyalties and obligations to and from their landlord vassals	26
8089466560	The Chinese feudal system was vulnerable to	Regional disloyalties	27
8089466561	The decline of the Zhou dynasty in 700 B.C. occurred when	Regional land-owning aristocrats solidified their own power base and disregarded the central government	28
8089466562	The Zhou dynasty extended the territory of China by	Encouraging settlers to move into the Yangzi River valley	29
8089466563	The expanded settlement from the Huang he to the Yangzi was known as	The "Middle Kingdom"	30
8089466564	The "Middle Kingdom" provided	Rich agricultural lands with wheat-growing in the north and rice-growing in the south	31
8089466565	The wheat-growing land in the north plus the rice-growing land in the south encouraged	Population growth	32
8089466566	Territorial expansion during the Zhou dynasty complicated	Central political power, as communication and transport from the capital to the outlying regions were difficult	33
8089466567	Under the Zhou dynasty, landed nobles provided	Courts of justice and organized military groups	34
8089466568	The Zhou heightened the focus on	Central government	35
8089466569	The Zhou increased central political power by	Claiming direct links to Shang rulers and through the Mandate of Heaven	36
8089466570	The Zhou worked to provide greater	Cultural unity	37
8089466571	The Zhou discouraged	The primitive religious practices of the Huang he civilization	38
8089466572	The Zhou banned	Human sacrifice	39
8089466573	The Zhou standardized	Language to Mandarin Chinese, and currency	40
8089466574	When the Zhou dynasty began to fall, scholars used	Philosophical ideas to lessen the impact of growing political confusion	41
8089466575	The decline of the Zhou dynasty spurred efforts to	Define and articulate Chinese culture	42
8089466576	During the decline of the Zhou dynasty, regional rulers formed	Independent armies, reducing the emperors to little more than figureheads	43
8089466577	Under the Qin dynasty, China was organized into	Large provinces ruled by bureaucrats appointed by the emperor	44
8089466578	Politically, the Qin dynasty stressed	Central authority	45
8089466579	The Great Wall was built in the the north to	Protect against outside invasions and to protect expansionist drives	46
8089466580	The Great Wall was built by	Forced labor, conscripted by the local bureaucracy from among the peasantry	47
8089466581	The Qin standardized	Weights, measures, coinage, and Chinese written script	48
8089466582	The standardization of currency, weights, and measures	Facilitated trade throughout the vast Chinese empire	49
8089466583	The Qin promoted the manufacturing of	Silk	50
8089466584	The Qin attacked	Formal culture, and burned many books	51
8089466585	In exchange for ruling in the name of Shi Huangdi, governors	Named officials responsible for smaller regions	52
8089466586	Han rulers retained the Qin's	Centralized administration	53
8089466587	Politically, the Han	Expanded the powers of the bureaucracy	54
8089466588	The vast empire of China could be effectively ruled because of	Its central authority and expanded bureaucracy	55
8089466589	The Han sought to reduce	The brutal repression of the Qin era	56
8089466590	Early Han rulers expanded into	Korea, Indochina, and central Asia	57
8089466591	Han expansion led to	Direct contact with India	58
8089466592	Han expansion allowed the Chinese to	Develop contact with the Parthian Empire in the Middle East	59
8089466593	The peace enforced throughout Asia by Wu Ti brought	Prosperity to China	60
8089466594	Under the Han dynasty, the workings of the state bureaucracy	Improved	61
8089466595	Under the Han dynasty, the government was linked to	Formal training that emphasized the values of Confucian philosophy	62
8089466596	The quality of Han rule declined as	Central control weakened	63
8089466597	The Han dynasty fell to	The Huns	64
8089466598	Strong local units in Classical China	Never disappeared	65
8089466599	China relied heavily on	Tightly knit patriarchal families	66
8089466600	Individual families were linked to	Other relatives in extended family networks	67
8089466601	Family authority among the wealthy was increased through	The practice of ancestor worship	68
8089466602	Ancestor worship	Joined family members through rituals devoted to important ancestors who had passed into the spirit world	69
8089466603	Ancestor worship was more common among	The wealthy	70
8089466604	For ordinary people, village authority	Surmounted family rule	71
8089466605	Village leaders helped farming families	Regulate property and coordinate planting and harvest work	72
8089466606	Under the Qin and Han dynasties, the effectiveness of central government was	Further enhanced by the delegation of special areas and decisions to the emperor's ministers	73
8089466607	Han rulers resumed the attack on	Local warrior-landlords	74
8089466608	The first civil service exams under the Han covered	Classics of Chinese literature and law	75
8089466609	Most Chinese bureaucrats under the Han were drawn from	The landed upper classes	76
8089466610	Most Chinese bureaucrats under the Han were drawn from the landed upper classes because	They alone had the time to master the complex system of Chinese characters	77
8089466611	China's bureaucracy under the Han sometimes	Recruited citizens from lower ranks of society	78
8089466612	The Chinese bureaucracy under the Han limited	The exercise of arbitrary power by the emperor	79
8089466613	Trained and experienced bureaucrats could control	The whims of a single ruler	80
8089466614	The Qin and Han government controlled	Military and judicial functions	81
8089466615	The Han government promoted the philosophy of	Confucianism	82
8089466616	The Qin and Han government sponsored research in	Astronomy	83
8089466617	The imperial government directly organized the production of	Iron and salt	84
8089466618	The Chinese government during the Qin and Han dynasties sponsored the construction of	Complex irrigation and canal systems	85
8089466619	Han rulers stored grain and rice to	Control price increases and potential popular unrest when harvests were bad	86
8089466620	The Chinese system of law was backed by	A strict code of law allowing torture and execution to supplement the preaching of obedience and civic virtue	87
8089466621	Chinese upper-class cultural values emphasized	A good life on earth and the virtues of obedience to the state	88
8089466622	Religiously, the Zhou rulers stressed the importance of	A harmonious earthly life, which would maintain proper balance between earth and heaven	89
8089466623	Zhou leaders encouraged carefully constructed rituals to	Unify society and prevent individual excess	90
8089466624	Chinese dominant values were unusual in that they were	Secular rather than religious	91
8089466625	The Confucian list of virtues stressed respect for	One's social superiors, including fathers and husbands	92
8089466626	The Confucian hierarchy was	Patriarchal	93
8089466627	Confucianism insisted that leaders behave	Modestly and without excess, shunning abusive power and treating courteously those who were in charge	94
8089466628	Confucianism urged leaders to be characterized by	Veneration of custom and ritual, moderation in behavior, and a love of wisdom	95
8089466629	Confucianism was primarily a system of	Ethics	96
8089466630	Confucianism urged people to do unto others as	Their own status and theirs dictate	97
8089466631	Confucianism appealed to many educated Chinese because it	Confirmed the distaste they had developed for religious mysteries and their delight in learning and good manners	98
8089466632	Confucian doctrine was recorded in	A book called Analects	99
8089466633	Confucianism appealed to Han rulers because of its	Emphasis on political virtue and social order	100
8089466634	Confucian learning was incorporated into	The training of aspiring bureaucrats	101
8089466635	Confucianism emphasized personal	Restraint and the careful socialization of children	102
8089466636	Confucianism urged a political system to not base rank solely on	Birth, but would make education accessible to all talented and intelligent members of society	103
8089466637	Confucianism urged that rulers be	Humble, giving, and sincere	104
8089466638	Confucianism stressed that happiness rested in	Doing good for all, not individual gain	105
8089466639	Legalist writers prided themselves on their	Pragmatism	106
8089466640	Legalism disdained	Confucianism	107
8089466641	Legalism favored	An authoritarian state that ruled by force	108
8089466642	Legalism stressed that human nature was	Evil and required restraint and discipline	109
8089466643	In a legalist state,	The army would control and the people would labor	110
8089466644	The idea of pleasure in educated discourse or courtesy under legalism was	Dismissed as frivolity	111
8089466645	Compared to Confucianism, Legalism never captured the same	Widespread approval	112
8089466646	Confucianists did not explicitly seek	Popular loyalty	113
8089466647	China did not produce a single	System of beliefs	114
8089466648	Confucianism was deprived of a	Spiritual side due to its reluctance to explore the mysteries of life or nature	115
8089466649	Confucianism was most easily accepted by the	Upper classes, who had the time and resources to pursue an education and participate in ceremony	116
8089466650	Most of the peasant class in Classical China believed in	Polytheism, focusing on the spirits of nature	117
8089466651	Many peasants strove to attract the blessings of	Conciliatory spirits by creating statues, emblems, and household decorations honoring the spirits and by holding parades and family ceremonies	118
8089466652	Daoism arose during	The waning centuries of the Zhou dynasty	119
8089466653	Daoism first appealed to	The upper classes	120
8089466654	Daoism first appealed to the upper classes because	They had an interest in a more elaborate spirituality	121
8089466655	Daoism embraced	Traditional Chinese beliefs in nature's harmony	122
8089466656	Daoism added	A sense of nature's mystery	123
8089466657	Daoism stressed that	Nature contained a divine impulse that directs all life	124
8089466658	Daoism stressed that true human understanding comes in	Withdrawing from the world and contemplating nature's life force	125
8089466659	Daoism promoted	Secret rituals and its own set of ethics	126
8089466660	Daoist harmony with nature best resulted through	Humility and frugal living	127
8089466661	According to Daoism, political activity and learning were	Irrelevant to a good life	128
8089466662	Daoism guaranteed that China's people would not be	United by a single religious or philosophical system	129
8089466663	Some emperors embraced Daoism because	They found solace in it and it posed no real political threat	130
8089466664	The Daoist emphasis on magic and mysteries disagreed with	Confucianists	131
8089466665	The Chinese government from the Han dynasty onward was able to persuade Daoist priests to	Include expressions of loyalty to the emperor in their temple services	132
8089466666	The Five Classics were written during the	Early Zhou dynasty	133
8089466667	The Five Classics were used as	A basis for civil service examinations	134
8089466668	The Five Classics included	Historical treatises, speeches, other political materials, a discussion of etiquette and ceremonies	135
8089466669	The Classic of Songs included	Over 300 poems dealing with love, joy, politics, and family life	136
8089466670	Each generation of Chinese writers	Found new meaning in the classical literature, allowing them to express new ideas within a familiar framework	137
8089466671	From the Classical period onward, the ability to learn and recite poetry became	The mark of an educated Chinese	138
8089466672	The literary tradition established in China reinforced the	Confucian emphasis on human life	139
8089466673	Chinese art during the classical period was	Largely decorative	140
8089466674	Classical Chinese art stressed	Careful detail and craftsmanship	141
8089466675	Classical Chinese artistic styles reflected	The precision and geometric qualities of Chinese symbols	142
8089466676	An important Classical Chinese art form was	Calligraphy	143
8089466677	Chinese artists	Painted, worked in bronze and pottery, carved jade and ivory, and wove silk screens	144
8089466678	Classical China did not produce	Monumental buildings aside from the Great Wall and some imperial palaces and tombs	145
8089466679	Classical China did not produce monumental buildings other than the Great Wall and some imperial palaces and tombs because of its	Lack of a single religion	146
8089466680	Classical Chinese science and mathematics encouraged	Important practical work rather than imaginative theorizing	147
8089466681	Chinese astronomers developed	An accurate calendar based on a year with 365.5 days	148
8089466682	Later astronomers calculated	The movement of the planets Saturn and Jupiter and observed sunspots	149
8089466683	The purpose of Chinese astronomy was to	Make celestial phenomena predictable as part of the wider interest in ensuring harmony between heaven and earth	150
8089466684	Technologically, Han researchers developed the	Seismograph	151
8089466685	Medically, the Chinese	Developed precise anatomical knowledge and studied principles of hygiene that could promote longer life	152
8089466686	Daoism encouraged some exploration of	The orderly processes of nature	153
8089466687	Scientific research focused on	How things actually worked	154
8089466688	Significant gaps developed between	The land-owning gentry and the farmer-peasant masses	155
8089466689	Gaps between the upper and lower classes were symbolized by	The difficulty of becoming literate	156
8089466690	The Chinese peasantry depended on	Intensive cooperation, particularly in the southern rice region	157
8089466691	In the southern rice region, property was characteristically owned and regulated by	The village or the extended family, rather than the individual	158
8089466692	Beneath the Chinese peasantry was a group of	"Mean" people who performed rough transport and other unskilled jobs and suffered from the lowest possible status, also performing artists and slaves	159
8089466693	In general, social status was	Passed from one generation to the next through inheritance	160
8089466694	Unusually talented individuals from a peasant background might be	Given access to an education and rise within the bureaucracy	161
8089466695	The three main social groups of Classical China were	The top group, made up of the landowning aristocracy and the educated bureaucrats, or mandarins; the laboring masses; and the mean people	162
8089466696	The laboring masses were	Peasants and urban artisans who manufactured goods far poorer than the top group and condemned to a life of hard manual labor	163
8089466697	The laboring masses worked	Directly on large estates	164
8089466698	Mean people were punished for crime	More harshly and required to wear green scarves	165
8089466699	Trade during the Zhou and Han dynasties focused on	Luxury items for the upper class produced by skilled artisans in the city	166
8089466700	Coins made of ___ began to circulate	Copper	167
8089466701	There was food exchange between	The rice- and wheat-growing regions of China	168
8089466702	Confucian emphasis on learning and political service led to considerable scorn for	Lives devoted to moneymaking such as trade	169
8089466703	Technology greatly improved in areas such as	Agriculture, iron mining, production methods in textiles and pottery, paper, and water-powered mills	170
8089466704	Compared to Europe or western Asia, the technology of China was	Advanced	171
8089466705	Farming technology helped	Increase population in the countryside	172
8089466706	Because of better tools and seeds, smaller amounts of land could	Support more families	173
8089466707	China's solid agricultural base permitted	The expansion of cities and manufacturing	174
8089466708	Nonagricultural goods were mainly produced by	Artisans working in small shops or their homes	175
8089466709	The structure of the Chinese family resembled that of families in other agricultural civilizations in	Emphasizing the importance of unity and the power of husbands and fathers	176
8089466710	In most families, the Confucian emphasis on patriarchal obedience did not produce	Much friction	177
8089466711	Chinese popular culture stressed control of	One's emotions	178
8089466712	The Chinese family was seen as	The center of an orderly, serene hierarchy	179
8089466713	Chinese women could sometimes gain power through	Their sons and as mothers-in-law of younger women brought into the household	180
8089466714	The child that would inherit property and position was	The oldest male	181
8089466715	Economic innovation did not disrupt the Chinese emphasis on	Order and stability	182
8089466716	Family structures were closely linked to	Political and cultural goals	183
8089466717	Classical Chinese technology, religion, philosophy, and political structure developed with	Very little outside contact	184
8089466718	The Chinese saw the world in terms of	A large island of civilization surrounded by barbarian peoples with nothing to offer except the threat of invasion	185
8089466719	Important Chinese trade routes led to	India and the Middle East	186
8089466720	China lacked the need and the desire to	Learn from or teach other societies	187