AP World Chapter 7 Flashcards

8048168555	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.	0
8048168556	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.	1
8048168557	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	2
8048168558	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.	3
8048168559	Quaraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E.	4
8048168560	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship.	5
8048168561	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar.	6
8048168562	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh.	7
8048168563	Khadijah	the wife of Muhammad.	8
8048168564	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam.	9
8048168565	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism.	10
8048168566	umma	community of the faithful within Islam.	11
8048168567	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims.	12
8048168568	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	13
8048168569	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	14
8048168570	hajj	a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	15
8048168571	caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.	16
8048168572	Ridda wars	wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam.	17
8048168573	jihads	Islamic holy war.	18
8048168574	Copts, Nestorians	Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims.	19
8048168575	Uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali.	20
8048168576	Battle of Siffin	battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party.	21
8048168577	Mu'awiya	first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus.	22
8048168578	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.	23
8048168579	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.	24
8048168580	Karbala	site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.	25
8048168581	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	26
8048168582	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam.	27
8048168583	jizya	head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands.	28
8048168584	dhimmis	"the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.	29
8048168585	hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam.	30
8048168586	Abbasid	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad.	31
8048168587	Battle of the River Zab	750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy.	32
8048168588	Baghdad	Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	33
8048168589	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids.	34
8048168590	dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants.	35
8048168591	ayan	the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids.	36