Unit IV AP World History Terms Final Flashcards

9969930694	Early Modern Land Empires	Manchus Mughals Ottomans Russians	0
9969930695	Early Modern Maritime (ocean) Empires	Portuguese Spanish Dutch French British	1
9969930696	Renaissance	the revival of learning and culture	2
9969930700	Humanism	a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements	3
9969930701	Protestant Reformation	Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.	4
9969930702	Martin Luther	German theologian and leader of the Reformation. Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church.	5
9969930705	Impact of the Reformation	1. Protestantism w/ many sects, e.g. Calvinists, spread throughout Europe 2. religious wars erupted, Catholics v. Protestants, as Catholic rulers tried to force rebellious nobles back into the Church 3. Christian split was officially accepted - Peace of Augsburg (1555) - noble could decide religion of his state 4. English Reformation (1534) - King Henry VIII broke from the Church, creating a "Protestant" Church of England 4. common people taking on establishments, printing press, power of ideas being spread, control masses=power	6
9969930706	Commerical Revolution	Increased availability of trade goods and new ways of doing business changed life in Europe beginning in the 15th century. Taken together, this expansion of trade and business is the commercial revolution.	7
9969930708	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs	8
9969930709	Copernicus	Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)	9
9969930711	Isaac Newton	English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.	10
9969930713	Absolutism	a form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.	11
9969930716	parliamentary monarchy	A limited monarchy where the monarch is subject to the law and the consent of parliament	12
9969930718	mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	13
9969930719	nation-state	a sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having a distinctive national culture and historical experience	14
9969930720	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	15
9969930725	Columbian Exchange	the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres during the age of exploration	16
9969930726	Impact of the Columbian Exchange	For Europeans: transfer of new products and ideas encouraged economic growth, population growth For Native Americans: new diseases decimated population	17
9969930729	Peter the Great	This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe	18
9969930730	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.	19
9969930732	encomienda	Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.	20
9969930734	Hernando Cortez	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	21
9969930735	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)	22
9969930736	The discovery of ____ created great need for labor in Mexico and Peru.	silver	23
9969930738	Society of Castas	Social classes in the Spanish colonies based solely on race.	24
9969930739	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	25
9969930740	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	26
9969930743	Ottoman decline	Factors: 1) Weak leaders after Suleyman. 2) Ottoman economy built on conquest and expansion; once this stopped, the economy couldn't adapt. 3) Bloated bureaucracy and corruption. 4) Reasons 2 and 3 led to increased taxation, feeding resentment. 5) Nationalist uprisings in Eastern Europe and Greece, fueled by number 4. 5) Complacency and lack of curiosity about outsiders. 6) Geographical position left Ottomans with little opportunity for overseas expansion "Sick Man of Europe" 1700's-1800's. Falls during WWI, gives rise to Turkey 8) Limited Military flexibility (janissaries) 9) failure to modernize and keep up with western culture and industrialization	27
9969930746	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Islamic Turks that invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for their vacillating efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims	28
9969930750	coercive labor system	an institution in which workers are compelled to work by force, intimidation, or authority, often against their will (ex. serfdom, slavery)	29
9969930753	Most West Africans went to ____ plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil.	sugar	30
9969930756	triangular trade	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa	31
9969930760	Impact of Atlantic slave trade	• Africans made rich through guns and gold in exchange for slaves • Conflicts within Africa resulted and new political alliances formed encouraged African warfare destroyed African culture introduced new goods and ideas to Africa Africa is underdeveloped, as the new world becomes modern and developed brought wealth to merchants and traders and provided labor that profited and caused economies to grow	32
9969930763	Ming China	China was in bad condition after Mongol invasions. Chinese attempted to hide evidence of foreign rule and taught many Confucian ideas. Government was highly centralized and maritime voyages were extremely prominent.	33
9969930765	scholar-gentry	in China, a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for the civil service	34
9969930766	Zheng He	Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration.	35
9969930767	Ming decline	1368-1644. Weak rulers took throne, corruption increased under their rule. Pirates. Defense efforts drained treasury; rulers raised taxes. High taxes, crop failures led to famine, hardship; rebellions broke out.	36
9969930768	Manchus	Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.	37
9969930771	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas	38
9969930772	Reasons for European exploration	desire for wealth, to spread Christianity, desire for land, new sailing technology, God, gold, and glory	39
9969930782	jizya	tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion	40
9969930785	QIng Dynasty	(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,	41