AP World History Philosophies Flashcards

11413853853	Age of Warring States	Many philosophies came from this period in China (403-221 BC)	0
11413853854	Legalism	Preceded Qin Dynasty; made during the warring states when China was in turmoil to bring back unity; pessimistic view of human nature; rules, laws, rewards, punishments	1
11413853855	Han Fei	Believed the only way to restore unity was through harsh punishments, strict rules, and rewards	2
11413853856	Government had the only power to keep people in line	What did Legalism believe about government?	3
11413853857	Qin Shihuangdi	Brutal ruler who adopted Legalism because Han Fei didn't live to see it	4
11413853858	It was discredited	What happened to Legalism after Qin Shihuangdi's death?	5
11413853859	Confucius	(551-479 BC); most famous philosopher in Chinese history, lived in the same era of the warring states, not a fan of harsh laws	6
11413853860	Analects	Collection of Confucius' ideas written by his students	7
11413853861	Social harmony through moral example of superiors	Goal of Confucius	8
11413853862	Unequal relationships	What did Confucius think society should be built on?	9
11413853863	Age and gender (old and male)	Who did Confucius think had seniority?	10
11413853864	Shame	If you do something wrong but don't get caught, you should feel immense _______	11
11413853865	Ren	Virtue of the superior man; key to tranquil society; human heartedness (compassionate), goodness, and nobility of heart were defining virtues	12
11413853866	Education	How do you get Ren?	13
11413853867	Personal reflection and commitment to improve moral behavior	According to Confucius, what was the most important superior form of academics	14
11413853868	Liberal arts (humanities, ethics) could help you gain proper behavior through logic, Rituals and ceremonies (taking part in community events)	According to Confucius, how could you be educated?	15
11413853869	Family	According to Confucius, what was a model for political life	16
11413853870	Filial Piety	Honoring ancestors and parents/grand-parents; look at them as guides; honor the emperor like an older family member; rigidly patriarchal	17
11413853871	Heaven=male, creative powerful; Earth=female, receptive	How was the patriarchal structure reflected in the universe	18
11413853872	Ideal society in the past "Golden Age"	How did Confucius view history?	19
11413853873	"Superior man"	Superiority based on morals, not wealth or class; anti-aristocratic and kind of democratic; what matters is what's on the inside	20
11413853874	Low taxes, limited government, provide for welfare of people	Confucius' guides for good government	21
11413853875	Confucianism	Secular and non-religious philosophy based on getting along with others and being morally good because it's right, official state religion of Han Dynasty	22
11413853876	Laozi	wrote the Daodejing (The Way and Its Power)	23
11413853877	The Dao	Means "The Way", there is a correct way of doing things, law of nature, live your life by following the law of nature- the way the whole word works, be what you are, the principle that underlies all natural phenomena, withdrawal from politics and social activism, go with the flow and simply be	24
11413853878	Simplicity, spontaneity, abandonment of education and self-improvement	What is the way of nature?	25
11413853879	Experiment life	What is "real" education according to Daoism?	26
11413853880	Complimentary roles for sexes, deemphasized gender hierarchy, family life was central	How did Daoism view family and gender?	27
11413853881	Yin Yang	Positive and negative forces in the universe interact and you can't have one without the other, there is good in the bad and bad in the good	28
11413853882	The vedas	Widely recognized sacred text of Hinduism; collection of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals; transmitted orally but written in Sanskrit in 600 BC; tell of small competing chiefdoms, gods, sacred sounds and fires; patriarchal society; described ritual sacrifices that Brahmin priest performed	29
11413853883	Sanskrit	Special religious writing for Hinduism	30
11413853884	The Upanishads	Another Boyd of sacred text, composed largely by anonymous thinkers, musical and highly philosophical worlds that sought to probe the inner meaning of the sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas	31
11413853885	Brahman	The World Soul, the final and ultimate reality, primal unitary energy or divine reality infusing all things, universal spirit in everything an everything is part of it	32
11413853886	Atman	The individual human soul, a part of bigger Brahman	33
11413853887	Moksha	Liberation, an end to our illusory perception of separate existence, brought an end to the painful cycle of rebirth, effort to achieve the final goal of mankind- union with Brahman	34
11413853888	Samsara	rebirth/reincarnation, became a central feature of Hindu thinking	35
11413853889	Karma	Humans souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, you create your own fate by the way you live, justifies the caste system	36
11413853890	Dharma	Your duty, your role in life	37
11413853891	The Laws of Manu	Described a divinely ordained social order and articulated a gender system whose ideals endured for a millennium or more; taught that all embryos were basically male and that only weak semen generated females; advocated child marriage for girls; a virtuous wife should serve er husband like a god and never remarry	38
11413853892	Siddhartha Guatama	Founder of Buddhism; prince form a small North Indian village; sheltered youth shocked him when he witnessed sickness, pain, and death; left everything for a spiritual quest to achieve "enlightenment"	39
11413853893	Life is suffering, suffering is caused by selfish desires, to end selfish desires don't want anything, follow the middle way of moderation	Main teaching of Buddha	40
11413853894	Nirvana	State of mind of complete peace and calm when you've ended suffering	41
11413853895	Ordinary life is an illusion, karma, rebirth, meditation, hope for release from cycle of rebirth	What beliefs did Hinduism and Buddhism have in common?	42
11413853896	Hinduism- religious authority of Brahmin; Buddhism- ridiculed rituals and sacrifices as irrelevant to the hard work of dealing with suffering, wasn't interested in the abstract ideas about creation or god	What differed between Hinduism and Buddhism?	43
11413853897	"Awakening" was available to all regardless of caste or gender	Gender roles in Buddhism	44
11413853898	Egalitarian message appealed to lower class, availability of local language Pali, established monasteries and stupas	Appeal of Buddhism	45
11413853899	Theravada	portrayed the Buddha as an immensely wise teacher and model, not divine; more psychological than religious; a set of practices rather than beliefs; Buddhism as Buddha taught it	46
11413853900	Mahayana	takes Buddhism and makes it more of a traditional religion, portrayed Buddha as a God	47
11413853901	Mahabharata	Epic poems that expressed a new kind of popular Hinduism	48
11413853902	Ramayana	Epic poems that expressed the revived Hinduism that indicated more clearly that action in the world and detached performance of caste duties might also provide a path to liberation	49
11413853903	Bhagavad Gita	Beloved Hindu text where the troubled warrior- hero Arjuna is in anguish over the necessity of killing his kinsmen as a decisive battle approaches; assumed by his charioteer Lord Krishna, incarnation of god Vishnu, that performing his duty as a warrior and doing so selflessly is an act of devotion	50
11413853904	Bhakti	Worship; movement involving intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, or rituals	51
11413853905	Vishnu	In Hinduism, the Preserver and protector of creation associated with goodness and mercy	52
11413853906	Shiva	Destroyer, representing the divine in destructive aspect	53
11413853907	Brahma	The Creator god of Hinduism	54
11428818359	Monotheism	The idea of a single supreme deity, the sole source of all life and being	55
11428818360	Persia	Where did Zoroastrianism originate?	56
11428818361	Zarathustra	Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism	57
11428818362	Ahura Mazda	Single unique god who ruled the world and was the source of all truth, light, and goodness in Zoroastrianism	58
11428818363	Angra Mainyu	In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda; lord of darkness and lies	59
11428818364	Day of judgement	In Zoroastrianism, those who had aligned with Ahura Mazda would be grated new resurrected bodies and rewarded eternal life in Paradise, those who sided with evil were condemned to everlasting punishment	60
11428818365	Zoroastrianism	Placed great emphasis on the free will of humankind and the necessity for each individual to choose between good and evil	61
11428818366	Temples plundered, priests slaughtered, declined disastrously	What were the effects of Alexander's conquests and the Hellenistic Seleucid on Zoroastrianism?	62
11428818367	Arrival of Islam and the Arab empire	What led to the final decline of Zoroastrianism in Persia?	63
11428818368	Parsis	communities of Zoroastrians in India that have continued their faith to the present	64
11428818369	Conflict of God and an evil counterpart, last judgement, resurrected bodies, final defeat of evil, arrival of a savior, remaking of the world at the end of time, Heaven and Hell	What aspects of Zoroastrianism became incorporated into other religions?	65
11428818370	Middle East, migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan under Abraham	What were the origins of the Hebrew people?	66
11428818371	Conquered by Assyrians in 722 BC and deported, conquered by Babylonians in 586 BC and deported	What hardships did the Hebrews experience at the hands of more powerful peoples?	67
11428818372	Yahweh	Hebrew name for God	68
11428818373	War to social justice and compassion	Yahweh transformed from a god of what to what?	69
11428818374	His covenant/ Ten Commandments	What was unique about the Hebrew god?	70
11428818375	Philosophy	love of wisdom, looks at how the natural world works in a rational not theological way, science branches off of it	71
11428818376	Socrates	Athenian philosopher who loved to question people, especially his students; didn't write anything; challenged conventional ideas about the importance of wealth and power, urging stead the pursuit of wisdom and virtue; criticized Athenian democracy; sentenced to death; wisdom is realizing that you know nothing; "unexamined life is not worth living"	72
11429921371	Thales	Drew on Babylonian astronomy to predict an eclipse of the sun; the universe was made of one basic substance- water	73
11429921372	Empedocles	The Earth was made of four elements- water, earth, air, and fire	74
11429921373	Democritus	Suggested that atoms, tiny "uncuttable particles, collided in various configurations to form visible matter; developed original atomic theory	75
11429921374	Pythagoras	Numbers were the basic reality behind everything, developed theorem for the lengths of triangle sides	76
11429921375	Hippocrates	Father of medicine; the body was made of four "fluids", and when they were out of line people got sick; traced the origins of epilepsy to heredity	77
11429921376	Herodotus	Father of history; wrote about the Greco-Persian wars; assumed human reasons lay behind conflict rather than the whims of the gods	78
11429921377	Euclid	Father of geometry; put together a logical book of definitions for math	79
11429921378	Archimedes	Came up with pi, the displacement of water by volume principle, the principle of levers and pulleys, and he was a pioneer of math and physics	80
11429921379	Plato	Student of Socrates and a teacher of Alexander the Great; cataloged the constitutions of the 158 Greek city-states; identified hundreds of species of animals; one of the founding fathers of biology; argued that virtue was a product of rational training and cultivated habit and could be learned; urged for a mixed government system combining monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy; goal of life was happiness, which could be achieved through moderation	81
11429921380	Philosophy could be a threat	What did Socrates' death show?	82
11429921381	Argued that the Good News of Jesus was for everyone	How did St. Paul help spread Christianity?	83
11429921382	Epistles	Another name for letters written by St. Paul; earliest known Christian writings	84
11429921383	St. Paul	Key figure in developing Christianity, early convert from Jew to Christian whose missionary journeys in the eastern Roman Empire led to the founding of small Christian communities that included Gentiles	85
11429921384	Mary Magdalene	Part of Jesus' inner circle	86
11429921385	Played leadership roles in "house churches"	What were women's roles in the church in the first century AD?	87
11429921386	Inclusiveness, miracles, healings, caring, close-knit	What was the appeal of Christianity?	88
11429921387	Armenia	What country first proclaimed Christianity as the state religion?	89
11429921388	Southern India, Syria, Persia, China, Central Asia, Egypt, Africa	Where did Christianity spread?	90
11429921389	Coptic	Christian church in Egypt, still a significant presence in modern Egypt	91
11429921390	St. Augustine	Bishop of a city of North Africa, one of the fathers of the church, sinful youth, his mom Monica prayed for him, conversion, came up with the term original sin	92
11429921391	Provided state support and favored it	What did Constantine do for Christianity?	93
11429921392	Edict of Milan	issued by Constantine in 313, legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire	94
11429921393	Constantine	Built the first St. Peter's Basilica, had a vision/dream during a battle for power of a cross telling him he would succeed	95
11429921394	Theodosius	Enforced a ban on all polytheistic ritual sacrifices and ordered their temples to be closed	96
11429921395	Ashoka supported Buddhism but didn't exclude other religions, Ashoka sought harmony while Christians exhibited monotheistic intolerance	How was the spread of Buddhism different form the spread of Christianity?	97
11429921396	Pope Gelasius	Women weren't allowed to lead religious ceremonies anymore	98
11429921397	Nature of Jesus (divine, man, both), what writings belonged in the Bible, pope	What differences arose over Christian doctrines?	99
11429921398	Council of Nicaea	Constantine pushed for this because he hated division, cam eup with Creed	100