AP Flashcards

11203812761	Epicardium	serous membrane of connective tissue; protective outer covering	0
11203819106	myocardium	cardiac muscle tissue; contracts blood from the heart chambers	1
11203830746	endocardium	membrane of epithelium and underlying connective tissue, protective inner lining	2
11203844658	tricuspid valve	prevents blood from moving from right ventricle into right atrium during ventricular contraction	3
11203851031	pulmonary valve	prevents blood from moving from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle durng ventricular relaxation	4
11203858123	mitral valve	prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction	5
11203865336	aortic valve	prevents blood from moving from aorta into left ventricle during ventricular relaxation	6
11203872123	atria	receive blood from veins, pump blood to ventricle, vein-atria-ventricle	7
11203881837	ventricles	recieve blood from atria, pump blood into atria-ventricle-artery	8
11203889171	skeleton of heart	fibrous rings, together with other masses of dense connective tissue in the inter ventricular septum	9
11203901276	chordae tendinae	heart strings cord like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves	10
11203909559	systemic circuit	blood flows from heart to body tissues and back, carries oxygenated blood, left side of the heart	11
11203914608	pulmonary circuit	blood flows from heart to lungs and back, carries deoxygenated blood, right side of the heart	12
11203921406	lubb	first heart sound, occurs during ventricular systole, during QRS, the AV valves are closing	13
11203930033	dupp	second sound, occurs during ventricular diastole, T wave, pulmonary and aortic semilunar vales close	14
11203938021	murmur	abnormal heart sound from the cusps not completely closing	15
11203942025	p wave	atrial depolarization wave from SA node thorugh atria, atria contract	16
11203947342	QRS complex	ventricular depolarization wave fromAV node through ventricles, ventricles contract (masks atrial repolarization)	17
11203959340	T wave	ventricular repolarization, SL valves close	18
11203968111	Arteries	thick strong wall, endothelial lining, carry blood under high pressure away from ventricles	19
11203975521	arterioles	thinner wall than an artery, help control blood flow into a capillary through pre capillary sphincters; receive blood from the arteries and carry blood to the capillaries	20
11203990157	capillaries	smallest diameter of blood vessels, connect the smallest venule, walls are endothelium only, semi permeable; site of exchange between the blood and the body cells	21
11204007451	venules	microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries and merge to form veins; receive blood from capillaries	22
11204017904	veins	thinner walls than arterioles, carry blood under low pressure, towards the heart; greatest volume of blood	23
11204039731	substances exchanged between blood in capillaries and tissue	arteries go to capillaries which go to veins; simple squamous epithelium, oxygen goes out CO2 comes in, happens in capillaries	24
11204080928	venous valves	help blood in veins move toward the heart and prevent it from moving backward	25
11204086398	frank starling law	more blood volume in blood, stretches more, contracts harder	26
11204099634	arteriosclerosis	hardening of the arteries, vessels lose elasticity, hypertension	27
11204107654	atherosclerosis	couch potato, deposits of fatty materials especially cholesterol-forming plaque; weakened walls, strokes	28
11204119559	hypertenstion	persistent elevated BP; kidney disease, essential, secondary	29
11204258015	Functions of the lymphatic system	transports excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces, transports fluid and fat to the blood stream, help defend the body against disease	30
11204279902	How does lymph form	interstitial fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries	31
11204378641	thymus	larger in infancy and during puberty; small in adult; replaces by fat and connective tissues in the elderly, teaches T lymphocytes what to recognize, secretes protein hormones called thymosins which stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes	32
11204398071	Spleen	largest lymphatic organ; filters blood; upper left abdominal quadrant; sinuses filled with blood; white and red blood pulp	33
11204407136	innate immune defenses	an inborn, nonspecific defense that blocks entry or destroys pathogens	34
11204418245	adaptive immune defense	a specific defense T and B lymphocytes carry out	35
11204427203	Epithelial cells	skin, mucosal surfaces	36
11204431087	physical immune defense	tight junctions between epithelial cells, mucous coating traps microorganisms	37
11204436450	mechanical immune defense	cilia pushing bad substances up and out, sneezing	38
11204441862	biochemical	saliva, tears (lysozyme), mucus, sweat contian anti-microbial substances, low pH	39
11204453904	defenses	produced by immune cells, directly kill bacteria, activate immune cells	40
11204459524	collectins	bind to sugars on bacteria, yeast, some viruses make pathogens easier for phagocytes to take up	41
11204470275	inflammation	redness, heat, swelling, pain; blood vessel dilation, increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability, leakage of fluid out of vessels, leads to swelling, pain from excess fluid, prostaglandins	42
11204483677	resolution	tissue fluids with clotting factors seep into an inflames area which helps to form fibrin clot; fibroblasts deposit connect tissue around injury site, bacteria, dead cells, debris are move by phagocytes, new cells replaces injured cells	43
11204501447	interferons	hormone-like peptides that stimulate immune cells	44
11204509867	complement systems	group of plasma proteins; stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes, enhances phagocytosis, kills target cells	45
11204521002	fever	response to bacterial or viral infection, interleukin 1 secretion by lymphocytes raises the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus; short fever is good	46
11204538080	phagocytosis	removes foreign particles, helps fight infection/disease	47
11204544811	neutrophils	the first WBC to arrive at an inflamed site	48
11204551293	monocytes	arrive soon after neutrophils, differentiate in the tissue into macrophages	49
11204558044	macrophages	pass through capillary walls into inflames tissues, a process called diapedesis	50
11204565698	dendritic cells	save phagcytosed material antigen to show T cells	51
11204612119	IgG	in plasma and tissue fluid; response to bacteria, viruses, toxins; activates complement proteins(pokes holes in target cells)	52
11204620529	IgA	in exocrine gland secretions(breast milk- pass immunity to baby, tears, bile, nasal and intestinal secretions); respond to bacteria, viruses	53
11204629719	IgE	in exocrine gland secretions; allergic reactions, parasites	54
11204636382	IgM	in plasma; response to bacteria, food: activates complement proteins	55
11204651704	primary immune response	occurs when B cells and T cells become activated after first encountering the antigens for which they are special	56
11204658303	secondary immune response	produced by memory B and memory T cells; a second encounter with an antigen results in a faster response that is greater than the first	57
11204674416	vaccine	preparation that includes an antigen that can stimulate a primary immune response against a particular pathogen bus does not produce not produce symptoms of associated infectious disease	58
11204689639	active immnity	body has to make	59
11204693679	passive immunity	acquire some other way; body doesnt make	60
11204698152	active artificial immunity	exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens	61
11204708478	active naturally immunity	exposure to live pathogens; infection	62
11204716302	passive artificial immunity	injection of gamma globulin containing antibodies or antitoxins	63
11204722179	passive naturally immunity	antibodies passed to fetus from pregnant women with active immunity or to newborn through breast milk or placenta	64