AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

11231245143	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth	0
11231245144	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	1
11231245145	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	2
11231245146	Mandate of Heaven	an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.	3
11231245147	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes	4
11231245148	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	5
11231245149	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	6
11231245150	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	7
11231245151	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	8
11231245152	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	9
11231245153	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	10
11231245154	Greek Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics	11
11231245155	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	12
11231245156	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	13
11231245157	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	14
11231245158	Buddhism	is a non theistic religion that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Buddha	15
11231245159	Islam	the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.	16
11231245160	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text	17
11231245161	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, and its beliefs and practices.	18
11231245162	Daoism	a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	19
11231245163	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e. started by Lui Bang	20
11231245164	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	21
11231245165	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	22
11231245166	Ancient Egypt	an empire that lasted for 3000 years	23
11231245167	Roman empire	an empire established by Augustus lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	24
11231245168	Maya	located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.	25
11231245169	State	A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority	26
11231245170	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	27
11231245171	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	28
11231245172	Assyrian Empire	ancient Mesopotamian empire	29
11231245173	Babylonian Empire	Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.	30
11231245174	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor.	31
11231245175	Sanskrit Scriptures	An ancient Indic language of India	32
11231245176	Vedic Religions	Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.	33
11231245177	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	34
11231245178	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	35
11231245179	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India and converted to Buddhism.	36
11231245180	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." Founder of Buddhism	37
11231245181	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; first Christian Roman Emperor	38
11231245220	Shiva	A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.	39
11231245221	Brahma	creator god	40
11231245222	Vishnu	A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world	41
11231245223	Darius I	Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). who expanded the empire	42
11231245224	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia	43
11231245225	Parthenon	A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena	44
11231245182	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	45
11231245230	Pantheon	A group of gods; a group of people so accomplished in a skill or field that they seem like gods	46
11231245231	Aqueduct	A structure that carries water over long distances	47
11231245232	Colosseum	A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place	48
11231245233	Circus Maximus	a large Roman stadium primarily used for chariot races	49
11231245234	Indian Ocean Maritime System	A network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean	50
11231245236	Trans-Saharan Trade Route	A trade route that connected North Africa to the Middle East	51
11231245184	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	52
11231245185	monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	53
11231245186	shamanism	an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans	54
11231245187	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	55
11231245188	ancestor veneration	beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living	56
11231245189	syncretic religion	Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both	57
11231245190	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	58
11231245191	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	59
11231245193	Phoenicia	Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet	60
11231245194	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	61
11231245195	Teotihuacan	A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Reached its peak around the year 450.	62
11231245196	Moche	An important Andean civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	63
11231245197	Chaco	An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico.	64
11231245198	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	65
11231245199	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland.	66
11231245200	Chang'an	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	67
11231245201	Pataliputra	The captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires	68
11231245203	Carthage	founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean	69
11231245204	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy.	70
11231245205	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	71
11231245206	Silk Roads	trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire	72
11231245207	Trans-Saharan Caravan Route	Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels.	73
11231245208	Indian Ocean Sea Lanes	lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China	74
11231245209	Mediterranean Sea Lanes	Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred	75
11231245210	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	76
11231245211	Shaduf	a mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam.It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.	77
11231245212	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	78
11231245213	Paul of Tarsus	A Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.	79
11231245214	Greco-Roman Philosophy	Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.	80
11231245215	Zoroastrianism	system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun	81
11231245217	corvee labor	unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government	82
11231245218	tribute	Money paid by one country to another in return for protection	83
11231791886	the persian empires	Achaemenids (558-330 BCE) Seleucids (323-383 BCE) Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE) Sasanids (224-651 CE)	84
11231794841	Achaemenid Empire	First great Persian empire (558-330 B.C.E.), which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius.	85
11231796818	Achaemenid Empire Administration	23 administrative divisions system of spies and surprise audits which minimized rebellion	86
11231817027	Quanat	an underground canal first built by the ancient Persians	87
11231824338	xerxes	(c. 519-465 BC) King of Persia; his armies invaded Greece but were eventually defeated by the Greeks.	88
11231831243	Persian Wars	A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.	89
11231833895	Seleucid Empire	The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.	90
11231843257	Parthian Empire	seminomadic Parthians drive Seleucus out of Iran federated governmental structure (247 bc - 224 ad)	91
11231858505	Sasanid Empire	The last of pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. One of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe	92
11231872023	Persian Society	In the cities: artisans, craftsmen, merchants, civil servants, priests, and aristocrats. In the country side: peasants, builders of qanats. Slaves: prisoners of war and indebted citizens.	93
11231877713	Persian Economy	Made up of trade and agriculture.	94
11231882586	slave class	lowest social class	95
11231884997	free class	not 'privileged'; shared temple income; religious freedom; rations given to working women; land owning prasants or landless cultivators	96
11231889476	Chinese Dynasties	Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song	97
11231889477	Shang Dynasty	(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.	98
11231895607	Zhou Dynasty	the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.	99
11231898085	Confucius	(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.	100
11231902700	confucian values	Ren=kindness Li= propriety Xiao=filial piety	101
11231927195	shang yang	Founder of Legalism	102
11231934772	Unification of China	the merging of Chinese government and culture that occurred during the reign of Qin Shihuangdi	103
11231938046	Qin Shihuangdi	(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.	104
11231941970	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	105
11238977926	Cambyses	Son of Cyrus and conquered Egypt	106
11238988497	Minoan Civilization	An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 B.C.E.	107
11239061466	Linear A	Minoan writing	108
11239072075	Mycenaeans	An Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.;Linear B	109
11239082949	Trojan War	10 year war fought between the Mycenaean Greeks and the city of Troy	110
11239090136	Sparta	Greek city-state that focused on military	111
11239103995	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	112
11239146216	Solon's reforms	cancel debts, income tax, more men could hold public office	113
11239151075	Greek Colonization	Between 750 and 550 BC, large numbers of Greeks left their homelands to settle in distant lands.	114
11239157266	Darius	Persian king who put satraps in place and built the Royal Road	115
11239177643	Battle of Salamis	480 B.C.E. The battle that effectively ended the Persian war.	116
11239189840	Delian League	Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities	117
11239208888	Peloponnesian War	(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as weak	118
11239227388	Thales	Father of philosophy	119
11239227467	Pythagoras	A Greek philosopher and mathematician	120
11239235475	Hippocrates	Father of medicine	121
11239242153	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher, Socratic method	122
11239253628	Plato	(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms	123
11239316569	Aristotle	Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great	124
11239324486	epicurean	taking pleasure in food and drink	125
11239327531	Skeptics	people who question the truth	126
11239331415	Stoics	living virtuous lives	127
11239360314	Romulus and Remus	founders of Rome; twin brothers	128
11239365944	Etruscans	first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire	129
11239378125	Rome constiution	2 consuls and 1 senate	130
11239401494	Patrician	an aristocrat	131
11239408883	Plebeians	common people	132
11239412967	Tribunes	official who was elected by the Plebeians to protect their interests	133
11239422770	The Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	134
11239430123	Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus	Urge the government to give back public land to the poor, both murdered by members of the senate	135
11239448506	Gaius Marius	a consul who encouraged poor people to join the army	136
11239454794	Lucius Cornelius Sulla	Roman consul, he battled Gaius Marius in a civil war	137
11239464268	Juluis Caesar	Roman dictator in 45 B.C who defeated Pompey to assume complete control but was assasinated by senators in 44 B.C.	138
11239500723	Octavian	Defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatra and changed his name to Augustus	139
11239517584	Roman Peace	Pax Romana (27-250 AD)	140
11239555068	Latifundia	large farming estates	141
11239561946	Mithraism	Mystery religion based on worship of the sun god Mithras	142
11239575095	Jewish War	A rebellion of Jews against Rome in 66-70 CE	143
11239606465	long distance trade	Improved infrastructure, Development of empires, Discovery of monsoon wind patterns, increased tariff revenue	144
11239629241	Bactria/India	traded spices, cosmetics, gems and pearls	145
11239640561	Persia and Egypt	traded grain	146
11239644352	Meditteranean	traded wine, oil, jewlery, and art	147
11239669364	Buddhism in China	originally restricted then by the 5th century it got popular	148
11239687276	Rulers	rajas	149
11239722458	Sanskrit	important language of ancient India	150
11239728043	Gregory the Wonderworker	missionary with a reputation for performing miracles and who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia	151
11240191364	Manichaeism	Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements.	152
11240198300	The elect	led lives of prayers and fasting	153
11240257001	the hearers	material supporter of elect	154
11240264285	Epidemics in rome and china	smallpox, measles, and the bubonic plague	155
11240297412	Fall of Han Dynasty	Divisions within the ruling elite limited the effectiveness of the government, land distributions, private armies, unrest, economic decline, epidemics, ended in 220 CE.	156
11240302612	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E.	157
11240314799	Fall of the Roman Empire	The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. 476 A.D	158
11240350080	Diocletian	Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.	159
11240354974	Visigoths	A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century.	160
11240444726	The Huns	large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.	161
11240449634	Odovacer	Germanic general who deposed Romulus Augustus (in 476 CE	162
11240462941	Edict of Milan	313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire	163
11240490407	Theodosius	Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.	164
11240496378	St. Augustine	early christian leader who writes the book City of God that instructs how Christians are to be	165