AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 7639765147 | Adaptation | Inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment. | 0 | |
| 7639772232 | Analogous | Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology. | 1 | |
| 7639790439 | Artificial Selection | The selective breeding of animals and plants to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits. | 2 | |
| 7639796737 | Biogeography | The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species. | 3 | |
| 7639807706 | Continental Drift | The gradual movement and formation of continents. | 4 | |
| 7639826346 | Convergent Evolution | the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. | 5 | |
| 7639830151 | Evolution | the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. | 6 | |
| 7639852058 | Endemic | Referring to a species that is confined to a specific geographic area. | 7 | |
| 7639857370 | Eutherian | Mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta. | 8 | |
| 7639879008 | Homologous Structures | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. | 9 | |
| 7639889514 | Homology | Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry. | 10 | |
| 7639894488 | Natural Selection | the evolutionary process by which favorable traits that are heritable become more common in successive generations. | 11 | |
| 7639922508 | Paleontology | The scientific study of fossils. | 12 | |
| 7639929749 | Stratum | A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them. | 13 | |
| 7639941934 | Trait | One of two or more detectable variants. | 14 | |
| 7639948031 | Vestigial Structure | anatomical structures of organisms in a species which have lost much or all of their original function due to evolution. | 15 | |
| 7641426667 | Animalia | kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls (all animals). | 16 | |
| 7641440247 | Archaea | One of two prokaryote domains, the other being Bacteria. | 17 | |
| 7641452186 | Binomial Nomenclature | Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. | 18 | |
| 7641456516 | Branch Point | The representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two. | 19 | |
| 7641468567 | Clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. | 20 | |
| 7641471478 | Cladistics | Classification where organisms are placed into groups called clades, based on common ancestry. | 21 | |
| 7641479225 | Eukarya | The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms. | 22 | |
| 7641484119 | Genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences. | 23 | |
| 7641503328 | Genus | A taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific name. | 24 | |
| 7641530675 | Homoplasy | A similar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two different species. | 25 | |
| 7641539869 | Horizontal Gene Transfer | The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms. | 26 | |
| 7641552258 | Kingdom | A taxonomic category used to classify organisms, the second broadest after domain. | 27 | |
| 7641561736 | Molecular Clock | Theoretical clock used to measure evolutionary time, based on the observations that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates. | 28 | |
| 7641573720 | Molecular Systematics | Uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships. | 29 | |
| 7641584083 | Outgroup | A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other. | 30 | |
| 7641595388 | Paraphyletic | Pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants. | 31 | |
| 7641607296 | Phylogenetic Tree | A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships. | 32 | |
| 7641614698 | Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. | 33 | |
| 7641622888 | Polyphyletic | Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms. | 34 | |
| 7641627758 | Shared Derived Character | A character that is unique to a particular taxon. | 35 | |
| 7641632371 | Sister Taxa | Groups that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives. | 36 | |
| 7641640085 | Systematics | The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct. | 37 | |
| 7641645450 | Taxonomy | Ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. | 38 | |
| 7641793318 | Allele | Any alternative version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. | 39 | |
| 7641810922 | Balancing Selection | Natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population. | 40 | |
| 7641815164 | Bottleneck Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions; typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population. |  | 41 |
| 7641826050 | Directional Selection | Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals. |  | 42 |
| 7641831897 | Disruptive Selection | Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes. |  | 43 |
| 7641841093 | Founder Effect | Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population. |  | 44 |
| 7641848575 | Frequency-Dependent Selection | Selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population. | 45 | |
| 7641852337 | Gene Flow | The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes. | 46 | |
| 7641854876 | Gene Pool | Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population | 47 | |
| 7641858458 | Genetic Drift | A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. | 48 | |
| 7641866075 | Genotype | An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. | 49 | |
| 7641961206 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work. | 50 | |
| 7641967735 | Heterozygote Advantage | Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool; in terms of the genotype, not the phenotype. | 51 | |
| 7641979924 | Intersexual Selection | Preference by one sex for certain phenotypes when selecting mates. | 52 | |
| 7641986650 | Intrasexual Selection | Selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex. | 53 | |
| 7641990793 | Microevolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. | 54 | |
| 7641994465 | Mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus | 55 | |
| 7642016903 | Neutral Variation | Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage. | 56 | |
| 7642025220 | Phenotype | The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup. | 57 | |
| 7642046993 | Quantitative Character | A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or-fashion. | 58 | |
| 7642052763 | Recessive Allele | An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present | 59 | |
| 7642058164 | Relative Fitness | The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population. | 60 | |
| 7642061519 | Sexual Dimorphism | Differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species. | 61 | |
| 7642064395 | Sexual Selection | A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates. | 62 | |
| 7642067480 | Sickle-Cell Disease | results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin, disease that makes red blood cells produce abnormal hemoglobin proteins. | 63 | |
| 7642075414 | Stabilizing Selection | Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes. |  | 64 |