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AP World History: World Civilizations Chapter 8 Flashcards

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7771892013lateenTriangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship0
7771892014al-Mandi(775-785) Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession1
7771892015Harum al-RashidOne of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era2
7771892016BuyidsRegional splinter dynasty of the mid 10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads3
7771892017Seljuk TurksNomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century4
7771892018CrusadesSeries of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy5
7771892019SaladinMuslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam6
7771892020Ibn KhaldunA Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations7
7771892021Shah-Namawritten by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests8
7771892022ulamaOrthodox relgious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking9
7771892023al-GhazaliBrilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama10
7771892024MongolsCentral Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph11
7771892025Chinggis KhanBorn in 1170's in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.12
7771892026Huleguruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 125713
7771892027MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance14
7771892028Muhammad ibn Qasim(661-750) Arab general: conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire15
7771892029Mahmud of Ghazni(971-1030) Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in Northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression16
7771892030Muhammad of Ghur(1173-1206) Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control17
7771892031Qutb-ud-din Aibak(1206-1210) Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India.18
7771892032Bhaktic cultsHindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu19
7771892033Mira BaiCelebrated Hindu writer of relgious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women20
7771892034KabirMuslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam21
7771892035ShrivijayaTrading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of the empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion22
7771892036MalaccaPortuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands23
7771892037DemakMost powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports.24
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