AP World History: World Civilizations Chapter 8 Flashcards

7771892013	lateen	Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship	0
7771892014	al-Mandi	(775-785) Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	1
7771892015	Harum al-Rashid	One of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era	2
7771892016	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid 10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	3
7771892017	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	4
7771892018	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	5
7771892019	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	6
7771892020	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations	7
7771892021	Shah-Nama	written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	8
7771892022	ulama	Orthodox relgious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	9
7771892023	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	10
7771892024	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	11
7771892025	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170's in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.	12
7771892026	Hulegu	ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257	13
7771892027	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	14
7771892028	Muhammad ibn Qasim	(661-750) Arab general: conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire	15
7771892029	Mahmud of Ghazni	(971-1030) Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in Northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	16
7771892030	Muhammad of Ghur	(1173-1206) Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control	17
7771892031	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	(1206-1210) Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India.	18
7771892032	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	19
7771892033	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of relgious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	20
7771892034	Kabir	Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	21
7771892035	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of the empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion	22
7771892036	Malacca	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands	23
7771892037	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports.	24