AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

10766418858	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
10766418859	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
10766418860	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
10766418861	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
10766418862	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
10766418863	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
10766418864	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
10766418865	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
10766418866	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
10766418867	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
10766418868	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
10766418869	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
10766418870	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
10766418871	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
10766418872	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	14
10766418873	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	15
10766418874	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	16
10766418875	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	17
10766418876	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	18
10766418877	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	19
10766418878	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	20
10766418879	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	21
10766418880	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	22
10766418881	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	23
10766418882	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	24
10766418883	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	25
10766418884	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	26
10766418885	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	27
10766418886	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	28
10766418887	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	29
10766418888	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	30
10766418889	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	31
10766418890	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	32
10766418891	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	33
10766418892	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	34
10766418893	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	35
10766418894	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	36
10766418895	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	37
10766418896	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	38
10766418897	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	39
10766418898	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	40
10766418899	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	41
10766418900	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	42
10766418901	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	43
10766418902	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	44
10766418903	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	45
10766418904	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	46
10766418905	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	47
10766418906	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	48
10766418907	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	49
10766418908	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	50
10766418909	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	51
10766418910	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	52
10766418911	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	53
10766418912	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	54
10766418913	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	55
10766418914	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	56
10766418915	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	57
10766418916	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	58
10766418917	Investiture Controversy	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	59
10766418918	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	60
10766418919	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	61
10766418920	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	62
10766418921	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	63
10766418922	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	64
10766418923	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	65
10766418924	Jinshi	title given students in Post Classical China who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	66
10766418925	Mahayana Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	67
10766418926	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	68
10766418927	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	69
10766418928	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	70
10766418929	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	71
10766418930	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	72
10766418931	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	73
10766418932	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	74
10766418933	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	75
10766418934	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	76
10766418935	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	77
10766418936	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	78
10766418937	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	79
10766418938	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	80
10766418939	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	81
10766418940	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	82
10766418941	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	83
10766418942	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	84
10766418943	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	85
10766418944	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	86
10766418945	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of former Abbasid empire	87
10766418946	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	88
10766418947	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	89
10766418948	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	90
10766418949	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	91
10766418950	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	92
10766418951	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	93
10766418952	Kingdom of Mali		94
10766418954	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	95
10766418955	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	96
10766418956	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	97
10766418957	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	98
10766418958	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	99
10766418959	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	100
10766418960	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	101
10766418953	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		102
10766418961	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	103
10766418962	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	104
10766418963	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	105
10766418964	Ibn Batuta	Mohammedan who described travels to Mecca and Far East	106